Sustainability 2021 , 13 , 9069
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Table3. Mid-point impact categories assessed.
Environmental Impact Name Global Warming Potential
Acronym
Unit
GWP PED
kgCO 2 eq.
Primary energy demand PED non renewables
MJ MJ MJ
PEDnr
PED renewable
PEDr FPMF
kgPM 2.5 eq. kgoil eq.
Fine Particulate Matter Formation
Fossil depletion
FD FC FE
m 3
Freshwater Consumption Freshwater ecotoxicity Freshwater Eutrophication Human toxicity, cancer Human toxicity, non-cancer
kg 1.4 DB eq.
FEu
kgPeq.
HTc
kg 1.4-DB eq. kg 1.4-DB eq. kg 1.4-DB eq. kgNeq. kgCueq. kgNO x eq. kgNO x eq. Bq C-60 eq. to air kg CFC-11 eq. kgSO 2 eq. kg 1.4-DB eq.
HTnc
Ionizing Radiation Marine ecotoxicity
IR
ME
Marine Eutrophication
MEu
Metal depletion
MD
Photochemical Ozone Formation, Ecosystems Photochemical Ozone Formation, Human Health
POF, E
POF,HH
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
SOD
Terrestrial Acidification Terrestrial ecotoxicity
TA TE
However, we also included the dimension of environmental impacts, monetizing the environmental impacts assessed in the LCA. We took the mean of values reported by Pizzol et al. (2015) [45] as monetization values. The overall structure of the LCC is performed by following the indication given by Amerighi (2016) [46]. 2.2.1. Goal and Scope Definition The goal of this study is to estimate the life cycle cost for producing 1 kg of graphic paper using CSS instead of conventional wood-pulps. In addition, a comparison with conventional graphic paper will be carried out, as well. 2.2.2. Calculation of Life Cycle Costs The calculation of life cycle costs is based on the LCI of the previous LCA. As a result, both the FU and the system boundaries are the same. The materials within the inventory were multiplied by the specific prices, including research and development (R&D) as well as labor costs. All costs that occur before the procurement of raw materials (e.g., extraction costs, production costs, transport costs, etc.) have been included/aggregated in the price of raw material itself. These data were retrieved from the paper producing company FAVINI srl. The cost of CSS is 0.00 € as it is given away for free. Data regarding operational costs, such as those regarding electricity and natural gas, were taken from EUROSTAT [47]. Moreover, data about the wastewater treatment cost were taken from [48]. Data are presented in Tables 4 and 5. Due to the lack of involvement of long-term intervals, discounting is not applied. We also included the environmental costs that resulted from each of the two systems in the assessment. To do this, the costs that were derived from the environmental impacts as- sessed in the previous LCA were internalized. The mean of values reported by Pizzol et al., 2005 [45] (see Table 6) were calculated and used for further monetary calculations.
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