Sustainability 2021 , 13 , 9069
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Table6. Monetary values [45].
€ /unit
Monetary Values of Environmental Impacts
Max.
Min.
Mean 0.108 89.853
Global warming [kgCO 2 eq] Ozone depletion [kgCFC 11 eq] Acidification [kgSO 2 eq] Eutrophication [kgPO 4 eq]
0.23
0.05
139.56
30
6.4
0.15
3.226 8.384
25.35 55.82
1.2
Photochemical oxidation [kgC 2 H 4 eq]
0.56
15.606
Abiotic Resources [MJ]
0.02
0.00047 0.00154
0.008 0.524
Human-toxicity [kg1.4DBeq]
1.4
Unfortunately, the impacts that we considered within the LCA have not all been monetized. Thus, in the LCC we included only the impacts for which we found a value (i.e., global warming, ozone depletion, acidification, and human toxicity).
3. Results 3.1. LCA Results Conventional Paper The values of the impacts assessed for conventional paper production processes are shown in Table 7 and Figure 3. Table 7. Impacts of the conventional paper production expressed per functional unit, divided by main processes.
System’s Phases
Environmental Impacts
Wood Cultivation 3.46 × 10 − 1 5.28 × 10 3.33 × 10 1.94 × 10 5.29 × 10 − 4 7.87 × 10 − 2 1.29 × 10 − 3 1.10 × 10 − 4 7.20 × 10 − 6 2.32 × 10 − 4 4.06 × 10 − 2 3.9 × 10 − 4 2.97 × 10 − 4 5.99 × 10 − 5 1.39 × 10 − 3 3.12 × 10 − 1 1.94 × 10 − 1 1.42 × 10 − 6 1.46 × 10 − 3 1.92 × 10 − 1
Pulp Production 2.92 × 10 − 1 4.38 × 10 3.72 × 10 6.59 × 10 − 1 1.58 × 10 − 3 8.70 × 10 − 2 4.97 × 10 − 2 6.63 × 10 − 5 1.68 × 10 − 5 2.47 × 10 − 4 2.65 × 10 − 2 3.63 × 10 − 3 5.62 × 10 − 4 1.53 × 10 − 4 3.18 × 10 − 3 1.28 × 10 7.92 × 10 − 1 1.22 × 10 − 7 5.32 × 10 − 3 6.99 × 10 − 1
Paper Production 4.58 × 10 − 1 2.12 × 10 +1 1.88 × 10 +1 2.38 × 10 2.53 × 10 − 4 4.53 × 10 − 1 2.57 × 10 − 2 6.47 × 10 − 5 1.18 × 10 − 5 3.09 × 10 − 4 − 4.53 × 10 − 4 5.43 × 10 − 3 1.47 × 10 − 4 1.39 × 10 − 4 4.93 × 10 − 3 1.18 × 10 7.32 × 10 − 1 5.55 × 10 − 7 7.88 × 10 − 4 8.94 × 10 − 2
Transport
Recycling
Total
5.28 × 10 − 2 7.31 × 10 − 1 7.01 × 10 − 1 2.96 × 10 − 2 1.49 × 10 − 4 1.64 × 10 − 2 5.45 × 10 − 5 9.8 × 10 − 6 1.94 × 10 − 7 1.40 × 10 − 5 4.6 × 10 − 3 3.02 × 10 − 5 2.82 × 10 − 5 1.04 × 10 − 6 2.37 × 10 − 5 4.27 × 10 − 3 2.92 × 10 − 3 1.33 × 10 − 8 4.57 × 10 − 4 2.16 × 10 − 3
1.67 × 10 − 2 2.89 × 10 − 1 2.32 × 10 − 1 5.73 × 10 − 2 2.55 × 10 − 5 5.43 × 10 − 3 1.20 × 10 − 3 1.76 × 10 − 6 4.24 × 10 − 8 2.85 × 10 − 3 3.44 × 10 − 4 2.64 × 10 − 4 7.89 × 10 − 6 3.70 × 10 − 7 5.78 × 10 − 1 7.44 × 10 − 1 4.62 × 10 − 1 5.32 × 10 − 9 8.46 × 10 − 5 6.82 × 10 − 3
GWP [kgCO 2 eq.]
1.17 × 10 3.19 × 10 +1 2.68 × 10 − 1 5.07 × 10 2.54 × 10 − 3 6.41 × 10 − 1 7.79 × 10 − 1 2.53 × 10 − 4 3.61 × 10 − 5 3.65 × 10 − 3 7.17 × 10 − 2 9.75 × 10 − 3 1.04 × 10 − 3 3.53 × 10 − 4 1.01 × 10 − 2 3.52 × 10 2.18 × 10 2.11 × 10 − 6 8.10 × 10 − 3 9.89 × 10 − 1
PED[MJ]
PEDnr [MJ]
PEDr [MJ]
FPMF [kgPM 2.5 eq.]
FD [kg oil eq.]
FC[m 3 ]
FE [kg 1.4 DB eq.]
FEu [kg P eq.]
HT. c [kg 1.4-DB eq.]
HT. nc [kg 1.4-DB eq.] IR [Bq C-60 eq. to air]
ME [kg 1.4-DB eq.]
MEu [kg N eq.] MD [kg Cu eq.]
POF. E [kg NO x eq.] POF. HH [kg NO x eq.] SOD [kg CFC-11 eq.]
TA[kgSO 2 eq.] TE [kg 1.4-DB eq.]
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