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Cellulose (2017) 24:1759–1773
Fig. 6 TGA under nitrogen of CNF ? GGM ( left ) and BC ( right ) epoxy composites and nanopapers. Nanopaper ( green full line ), composite ( blue broad dashed line ), theoretical
degradation of a composite assuming 20% resin content ( red dash-dotted line ) and epoxy resin ( black dotted line ). (Colur figure online)
the nanopapers assuming a resin content of 20%. In air the differences observed were even smaller as in nitrogen. Just as under inert atmosphere, the first degradation step starts at slightly lower temperatures whereas for the second degradation step hardly any difference was found at all. Fig. 7 TGA under air of CNF ? GGM ( left ) and BC ( right ) epoxy composites and nanopapers. Nanopaper ( green full line ), composite ( blue broad dashed line ), theoretical degradation of a
composite assuming 20% resin content ( red dash-dotted line ) and epoxy resin ( black dotted line ). (Colur figure online)
used as 2D reinforcement for epoxy resins, utilizing an easy process allowing for the preparation of multi- layer laminates with predictable properties. The CNF nanocomposites were produced by wet lamination and compared to BC nanopaper composites. Both CNF and BC nanopapers were successfully processed into multi-layer composites by lamination with an epoxy resin followed by curing in a hot-press. Significant improvements in both mechanical properties and application temperature were achieved. The mechan- ical properties of the paper based composites are determined by the properties of CNF nanopapers.
Conclusions
Nanopapers prepared from non-pretreated CNF and water-soluble polysaccharide modified CNF were
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