Forests 2022 , 13 , 1856
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factor is the average value of CO 2 emissions per unit of electricity supply in the six regions of China and Hainan Province in the reference list. (3) The transportation stage. Data on pulp and waste paper imports and country of import for the study period were obtained from the UN Trade Database https:// comtrade.un.org/data (accessed on 25 December 2021). China needs to import large amounts of paper raw materials from abroad. The pulp or paper scrap exporting countries with the highest export volumes and the sum of their export volumes accounting for more than 90% of China’s total pulp or paper scrap imports were selected as the main importers of paper raw materials into China. The distance between the largest port of the importing country and the Chinese port of Shanghai was referred to as the water transport distance as indicated on the website of the International Cargo Exchange https://www.searates.com (accessed on 25 December 2021). For the main paper and paperboard-producing provinces, we referred to the “China Papermaking Industry 2000–2020 Annual Report” [6] and selected 16 provinces and cities such as Shandong, Zhejiang, Guangdong, and Jiangsu, whose combined production of paper and paperboard accounted for more than 95% of the total paper and paperboard production in China during the study period. The actual distance data between the main importing ports to the provincial capitals of the main paper and paperboard production areas and to the provincial capitals of main waste paper recycling sites were based on the Baidu map, and ArcGIS was used to calculate the spherical distance between points. The data on waste paper recycling volume were obtained from the China Paper Yearbook (2000–2020) [48], and the CO 2 emission factors of each transportation mode were referred to the “European Communities Trade Mark Association’s Guidelines for Measuring and Managing CO 2 Emission from Freight Transport Operations” [31]. (4) The waste paper disposal stage. There is relatively less literature available about the percentage of waste paper recycling, landfill, and incineration. In our paper, the proportion of landfill and incineration of domestic waste to the total domestic waste disposal in China from 2000 to 2020, respectively, was used as the landfill rate and incineration rate of waste paper, from which the amount of landfill and incineration of waste paper was derived [23]. Data on domestic waste disposal in China during the study period were obtained from the China Statistical Yearbook of Urban Construction (2000–2020) [49] (information on the national urban sanitation subgroup). The data parameters such as DOC f utilized in the accounting process were referred to as the National Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventory Guidelines and the Provincial Greenhouse Gas Inventory Preparation Guidelines (for Trial Implementation) [47]. Some additional notes are in place here. The China Forestry Statistical Yearbook (2017–2020) no longer separately counts wood used for paper making. The wood used for paper making during 2017–2019 is forecasted by the average year-on-year growth from 2012–2016. For the reason of limitations in data acquisition, the shipping distance from Shanghai port to other regions in Asia is calculated by the average shipping distance from Shanghai port to the largest ports in Japan, South Korea, Thailand, and Singapore. China Urban Construction Statistical Yearbook 2000 does not count the domestic waste landfill rate and incineration rate, and the domestic waste landfill rate and incineration rate in 2000 are extrapolated by the data in 2001. A list of data parameters and a summary of values used in the whole life cycle carbon accounting of paper products were included in Table 2 below.
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