13of 21 64.21 × 10 6 t in 2000 to 151.61 × 10 6 t in 2019, with an average annual compound growth rate of 4.38% (Figure 4), which is higher than the average annual compound growth rate of 3.79% of China ’ s total CO 2 emissions [2]. While the UK ’ s CO 2 emissions at that stage in 2014 have been reduced by 42% compared to 2008 [50]. Compared to some European countries, CO 2 emissions from the pulp and paper production process in China are still on an increasing trend.
Forests 2022 , 13 , 1856
Figure 4. CO 2 emissions from energy consumption in the pulp and paper stage. Figure4. CO 2 emissions from energy consumption in the pulp and paper stage. Specifically, from 2000–2016, coal, which accounts for more than 75% of total energy consumption, accounted for the highest proportion of CO 2 emissions in the pulp and paper stage, basically remaining at around 60% and still on an upward trend. With the implementation of China’s “13th five-year plan” in 2016–2019, the energy structure adjustment has increased, and the proportion of CO 2 emissions from coal in the pulp and paper stage has been reduced to 49.4% by 2019. In 2013, there was a phase peak of CO 2 emissions in the pulp and paper stage, which was attributed to the large increase in coal consumption during this stage, and a slow decline in the Chinese coal price index during the same period, followed by a steep downward trend after the summer, until late in the “12th Five-Year Plan” [51]. The CO 2 emissions share of electricity is above 35%, growing from22.65 × 10 6 t in 2000 to 71.04 × 10 6 t in 2019, with an average annual compound growth rate of 5.88%, higher than that of coal at 3.24%. The sum of CO 2 emissions from coal and electricity accounts for more than 95% of the total CO 2 emissions from the entire pulp and paper stage, while the sum of CO 2 emissions from natural gas and other energy sources accounts for just under 4%. Moreover, according to the European Papermaking Industry Federation CEPI (Confederation of European Paper Industries) [52], data show that in 2016 the European papermaking industry biomass energy consumption reached 58.82%, natural gas consumption accounted for about 33.43%, while coal accounted for only 3.96%. In particular, in the Dutch papermaking industry by 2009 natural gas energy consumption accounted for about 97% [53]. This shows that the energy consumption structure of the pulp and paper stage of China’s papermaking industry is still dominated by coal and electricity, and the energy structure adjustment is yet to be strengthened. 3.4. CO 2 Emissions Status of the Transportation Stage Specifically, from 2000 – 2016, coal, which accounts for more than 75% of total energy consumption, accounted for the highest proportion of CO 2 emissions in the pulp and pa- per stage, basically remaining at around 60% and still on an upward trend. With the im- plementation of China ’ s “ 13th five-year plan ” in 2016 – 2019, the energy structure adjust- ment has increased, and the proportion of CO 2 emissions from coal in the pulp and paper stage has been reduced to 49.4% by 2019. In 2013, there was a phase peak of CO 2 emissions in the pulp and paper stage, which was attributed to the large increase in coal consump- tion during this stage, and a slow decline in the Chinese coal price index during the same period, followed by a steep downward trend after the summer, until late in the “ 12th Five- Year Plan ” [51]. The CO 2 emissions share of electricity is above 35%, growing from 22. 65 × 10 6 t in 2000 to 71.04 × 10 6 t in 2019, with an average annual compound growth rate of 5.88%, higher than that of coal at 3.24%. The sum of CO 2 emissions from coal and electric- ity accounts for more than 95% of the total CO 2 emissions from the entire pulp and paper CO 2 emissions from the input of paper raw materials during the transportation phase of paper products mainly include wood pulp, waste paper imports, and domestic waste paper recycling. The results are shown in Figure 5. Overall, from 2000 to 2020, the total CO 2 emissions from the whole life cycle trans- portation process of paper products increased from 1.59 × 10 6 t to a maximum value of 11.16 × 10 6 t within 2017 and then gradually declined to 8.07 × 10 6 t in 2020. The high dependence on paper raw material imports is one of the main reasons for the increase in CO 2 emissions during the whole life cycle transportation of paper products. In 2010, CO 2 emissions from transportation declined significantly due to high international pulp and waste paper prices and the accordingly reduced imports of paper raw materials. Comparing theCO 2 emissions of pulp and waste paper import and transportation from 2000–2017, the gap between the two has gradually narrowed. On the one hand, due to the gradual increase in China’s waste paper recycling rate, there has been a fluctuating decline in waste paper
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