A. Kübra Yontar et al.
Inorganic Chemistry Communications 159 (2024) 111865
Funding The Unit of Scientific Research Projects, Ondokuz Mayıs University funded this study with the following project codes PYO. MUH.1908.21.001. The production of MDF surfaces and the perfor mance tests of the surfaces were carried out in CAMSAN ORDU A ˘ GAÇ SANAY ˙ I ˙ I VE T ˙ IC. Inc./Turkey. CRediT authorship contribution statement Arife Kübra Yontar: Conceptualization, Methodology, Data cura tion, Investigation, Writing – original draft. Sinem Çevik: Conceptual ization, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Writing – review & editing. S ¸eyma Akbay: Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Resources, Visualization. Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. Data availability Data will be made available on request. References [1] M. Xie, M. Gao, Y. Yun, M. Malmsten, V.M. Rotello, R. Zboril, O. Akhavan, A. Kraskouski, J. Amalraj, X. Cai, J. Lu, H. Zheng, R. Li, Antibacterial nanomaterials: Mechanisms, impacts on antimicrobial resistance and design principles, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed Engl. 62 (17) (2023) e202217345. [2] X. Wang, M. Shan, S. Zhang, X. Chen, W. Liu, J. Chen, X. Liu, Stimuli-responsive antibacterial materials: Molecular structures, design principles, and biomedical applications, Adv. Sci. (Weinh) 9 (13) (2022) e2104843. [3] M. Sheridan, C. Winters, F. Zamboni, M.N. Collins, Biomaterials: Antimicrobial surfaces in biomedical engineering and healthcare, Curr. Opin. Biomed. Eng. 22 (4 Suppl 1) (2022), 100373, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cobme.2022.100373. [4] Y. Zhu, N. Huang, X. Yan, Effect of three kinds of aloe emodin microcapsules prepared by SDBS, OP-10 and TWEEN-80 emulsifiers on antibacterial, optical and mechanical properties of water-based coating for MDF, Coatings 13 (9) (2023) 1477, https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13091477. [5] H. Zhang, X. Feng, Y. Wu, Z. Wu, Effect of photoinitiator concentration and film thickness on the properties of UV-curable self-matting coating for wood-based panels, Forests 14 (6) (2023) 1189, https://doi.org/10.3390/f14061189. [6] A. Zimmer, S. Angie Lunelli Bachmann, Challenges for recycling medium-density fiberboard (MDF), Results Eng. 19 (2023), 101277, https://doi.org/10.1016/j. rineng.2023.101277. [7] Y. Zhan, S. Yu, A. Amirfazli, A. Rahim Siddiqui, W. Li, Recent advances in antibacterial superhydrophobic coatings, Adv. Eng. Mater. 24 (4) (2022) 4856, https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202101053. [8] A. Dorieh, M. Farajollah Pour, S. Ghafari Movahed, A. Pizzi, P. Pouresmaeel Selakjani, M. Valizadeh Kiamahalleh, H. Hatefnia, M.H. Shahavi, R. Aghaei, A review of recent progress in melamine-formaldehyde resin based nanocomposites as coating materials, Prog. Org. Coat. 165 (2022), 106768, https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.porgcoat.2022.106768. [9] H. Jian, Y. Liang, C. Deng, J. Xu, Y. Liu, J. Shi, M. Wen, H.-J. Park, Research progress on the improvement of flame retardancy, hydrophobicity, and antibacterial properties of wood surfaces, Polymers (Basel) 15 (4) (2023), https:// doi.org/10.3390/polym15040951. [10] B. Lin, A.C.Y. Yuen, S. Oliver, J. Liu, B. Yu, W. Yang, S. Wu, G.H. Yeoh, C.H. Wang, Dual functionalisation of polyurethane foam for unprecedented flame retardancy and antibacterial properties using layer-by-layer assembly of MXene chitosan with antibacterial metal particles, Compos. B Eng. 244 (1) (2022), 110147, https://doi. org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2022.110147. [11] B. Feng, S. Zhang, Y. Di Wang, P. Li, L. Zheng, D. Gao, L. Huo, S.W. Cheng, Study on antibacterial wood coatings with soybean protein isolate nano-silver hydrosol, Prog. Org. Coat. 165 (2022), 106766, https://doi.org/10.1016/j. porgcoat.2022.106766. [12] M.A. Huq, M. Ashrafudoulla, M.M. Rahman, S.R. Balusamy, S. Akter, Green synthesis and potential antibacterial applications of bioactive silver nanoparticles: A review, Polymers (Basel) 14 (4) (2022), https://doi.org/10.3390/ polym14040742. [13] G.E. Yılmaz, I. G ¨ oktürk, M. Ovezova, F. Yılmaz, S. Kılıç, A. Denizli, Antimicrobial nanomaterials: A review, Hygiene 3 (3) (2023) 269 – 290, https://doi.org/10.3390/ hygiene3030020.
sample C with 5 % AgNP-doped coating surface. As the amount of nanosilver increased, bacterial growth decreased at a higher rate. With the values given in Fig. 7(D) and Table 3, it has been proven that nano silver additive has an antibacterial effect of at least 1000 times on MDF surfaces. Green synthesized nano silver modification even at a rate of 1 % in MDF coatings can provide a high antibacterial effect to all wood products used in daily life. The effective antibacterial activity mecha nism of AgNPs is explained by destroying cell membranes, causing intracellular damage, altering genetic material, and causing oxidative stress in the bacterial cell. With their small size, nanoparticles have a large surface area that allows them to adhere to the cell wall, penetrate the cell, and cause bacterial death by causing a deterioration in mem brane permeability and leakage of cell contents. Silver ions released from AgNPs into surfaces, tissues, and environments serve as a reservoir for antimicrobial activity [64 – 66]. Another predicted mechanism is that the ability of silver nanoparticles to adhere to the bacterial cell wall is due to the electrostatic interaction between positively charged silver ions and the negatively charged surface of the cell membrane. Due to these electrostatic attractions, silver nanoparticles can cross the cell membrane and change its molecular composition and permeability. This causes the bacterial cell contents to disperse and the membrane to rupture [67]. It has also been proven by previous studies that AgNPs are more effective against Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli) than Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus). This effect is thought to be due to changes in the membrane structures of different bacterial pathogens. Positively charged nanosilver is likely to have a higher electrostatic interaction with the negatively charged E.coli bacterial wall and therefore has a higher effect, ensuring bacterial growth and death [68]. The fact that the cell wall of E.coli bacteria is thinner than the wall of S.aureus bacteria explains the higher effectiveness of AgNPs [69]. Nano silvers synthesized with the extract of Cannabis Sativa seeds showed 1.5 times higher effectiveness against E.coli bacteria than S. aurues bacteria, and this effect has also been demonstrated in other studies [70 – 74]. Nano silvers synthesized with the extract of Cannabis Sativa seeds have lower toxicity, while on the other hand, they show a higher antibacterial effect with the components coming from the essence. Thus, MDF surfaces with both natural content and antibacterial effect could be produced. Nano silvers synthesized with the extract of Cannabis Sativa seeds have lower toxicity [75], while on the other hand, they show a higher antibacterial effect with the components coming from the extract [76 – 79]. Thus, MDF surfaces with both natural content and antibacterial effect could be produced. 4. Conclusions The aim of the study was to produce MDF surface coatings with improved mechanical strength, gelation time and high antibacterial ef fect. Moreover, the aim was to create MDF surfaces with clean content by providing these effects with nano silver particles naturally synthe sized with plant extracts. In the study, by modifying nano silvers syn thesized with Cannabis Sativa seed extracts into MDF surface coatings, products with 2 times higher abrasion and scratch resistance than standard surfaces, resistant to staining and high antibacterial effect were created. With green synthesized nano silver, productivity is increased by shortening the waiting time during production and the curing period that causes time loss. All tests revealed that the 1 % AgNP added MDF surface had both high mechanical strength and high antibacterial ef fects. As a result, it has been proven that MDF surfaces with superior properties can be produced with 1 % green synthesized nano silver ad ditive. With this study, a new way has been developed for the production of low energy consumption, environmentally friendly and multifunc tional MDF surfaces. Also, it will provide antibacterial production of wooden surfaces used in daily life in hospitals, homes, offices and all health institutions. In this way, it will be possible to reduce and elimi nate various diseases transmitted from the environment.
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