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European Journal of Wood and Wood Products (2023) 81:557–570
Table 2 Contaminants in waste wood References
Country Source
Contaminants analysis Physical/material contaminants %wt. dry basic of total material content (1)
Variation in (1) Stone (%) Plastic (%) Metal (%) Textile (%) Other (%)
Denmark Recycling center
1–2
1–8
92–99 0–1
Faraca et al. (2019) Lesar et al. (2018)
Recycling companies 1–2.96
Germany, Slove-
nian, Fin- ish, UK
USA Recycling Facilities Sweden Combustion power plant
Robey et al. (2018) Edo et al. (2016)
1.1
19–44 14–25
14–22
Nagalli et al. (2013) Brazil
Construction site Combustion plant
28.8–75.7
48.3–69.2
2.9–11.1
< 1
Jermer et al. (2001)
Sweden,
Germany, The Neth- erlands
Tolaymat et al. (2000) USA Recycling facilities References
Contaminants analysis Chemicals/trace element mg/kg dry wood (ppm) Cr Cu
As
Pb
Hg
Cd
Cl
PCP PCB PAH
10 –5 –1.0 10 –3 –10 –1 10 –5 –10
0.5–150 1–500 0.03–7.0 0.1–120
0.01–0.5
Faraca et al. (2019) Lesar et al. (2018) Robey et al. (2018) Edo et al. (2016) Nagalli et al. (2013) Jermer et al. (2001)
3–59
1–25
1–116
97–802
7.0–94.6 3.7–348 2.0–150
1.5–313 3.6–3200 0.10–270 1.80–2900 0.5–1
0.5–1
0.07–0.13
9–73
0–64
1–41
0–153
0.06–0.52 0.12–1.22 91–1191
Tolaymat et al. (2000) 10–29,000 39–1600
when the waste wood particles, which are lower than 4 mm (fine fraction) increases (Edo et al. 2016; Vaermeforsk 2012; Jermer et al. 2001). This is probably due to the crushing and chipping process resulting in more surface coating materials removed from the waste wood surface increasing the amount of heavy metal and Cl in the fine fraction after sieving. There are limited studies conducted on finding organic compounds of waste wood in the recycling process. Faraca et al. (2019) was the only reference found in analyzing PCP, PCB and PAH of waste wood materials. The finding showed that those substances are mainly coming from old furniture. In the past, PCB was used as plasticizers in the coating ingredients of paints and flame retardant (Butera et al. 2014; Jartun et al. 2009a, b). Nowadays, these substances are slowly replaced by other ingredients in paints and coating recipes applied to wood surface treatment. Therefore, high quality waste wood was found containing less of these components and complies with European standards for organic pollutants.
3.2.1.2 Sorting technologies Different sorting technolo- gies have been developed to detect and eliminate chemi- cal contaminants in waste wood particles such as atomic absorption spectroscopy (CV, GF, or HG-AAS), induc- tively coupled plasma spectrometry (ICP-OES, ICP-MS), energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (ED-XRF) and near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy (Mauruschat et al. 2016; Fellin et al. 2014, 2011; Hasan et al. 2011a, b; Williams 1976). It is noticed that atomic absorption spectroscopy and induc- tively coupled plasma spectrometry are the methods used to detect the chemical contaminants of waste wood or bio- mass in the laboratory indicated by EU Commission deci- sion 2009/894/EC. Other sorting techniques such as energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (ED-XRF) and near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy have recently shown advantages in the sorting process of waste wood due to fast detection and high sorting efficiency. Plastics and wood preservatives can be detected and sorted by these techniques easily. For example,
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