Migration of toxic elements from recycled paper food contact materials to food simulants
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Figure 1. Sample preparation workflow.
Table 1. Overview of sample preparation conditions
Sample name/FCM name Acidic food migration (AFM) sample/P1 Aqueous food migra- tion (LFM) sample/P1 Fattyfood migration (FFM) sample/P2 Dry food migration (DFM) sample/P3 Acidic-aqueous food extraction (LAE) sample/P1 Fatty food extraction (FE) sample/P2 Dry food extraction (DE) sample/P3
FCM characteristics
Food simulant/Solvent composition
Preparation description
Recycled coated paper/printed Recycled coated paper/printed Recycled coated paper/not printed Recycled plain paper/not printed
3% (volume fraction) acetic acid in water
Sample immersion for 10 d at 40 °C
10% (volume fraction) ethanol in water
Sample immersion for 10 d at 40 °C
50% (volume fraction) ethanol in water
Sample immersion for 10 d at 40 °C
Sample coverage with Tenax for 10 d at 40 °C; Tenax was recovered and extracted via Soxhlet extraction.
Poly(2,6-diphenyl-p-phenylene oxide), particle size 60–80 mesh, pore size 200 nm (commercially known as Tenax), and 1:1 volume ratio of methanol/acetone
Same sample with AFM and LFM
1:1 volume ratio of methanol/acetone
Soxhlet extraction
Same sample with FFM Same sample with DFM
1:1 volume ratio of methanol/acetone
Soxhlet extraction
1:1 volume ratio of methanol/acetone
Soxhlet extraction
Recycled paper and cardboard FCMs, sourced from manufac- turers within the EU in the Netherlands and Austria, were cut into small coupons (1 cm×1 cm) and immersed in the corres- ponding food simulant in Schott bottles. The sample ratios of recycled paper FCM to food simulants/extraction solvents were as follows: 47.2 mg/mL for the acidic food migration (AFM) and aqueous food migration (LFM) samples, 65.3 mg/mL for the fatty food migration (FFM) sample, 181 mg/mL for the dry food migration (DFM) sample, 89.9 mg/mL for the dry food extraction (DE) sample, 47.2 mg/mL for the acidic- aqueous food extraction (LAE) sample, and 64.1 mg/mL for the fatty food extraction (FE) sample. The sample concentra- tion was then standardized to 47.2 mg/mL for all the samples by dilution. The food simulants specified in the Commission Regulation (EU) 10/2011 were used for the migration studies, as detailed in Table 1. The immersed samples were incubated in an oven for 10 d at 40 °C. The samples were kept sta- tionary during the 10-d incubation period, and the migra- tion procedures were conducted in sealed bottles to prevent solvent evaporation. Following incubation, the migration samples were recovered and stored at −80 °C in closed bot- tles, with the headspace filled with nitrogen gas to prevent oxidation of the constituents. For the DFM migration sam- ples, Tenax powder, which covered the FCM during the 10-d
lack of specific harmonized testing conditions for paper FCMs. In contrast, the exhaustive extraction method in- volved Soxhlet extraction of recycled paper FCMs using a methanol and acetone (1:1, volume ratio) mixture. In add- ition, three types of recycled paper FCMs have been in- volved in both migration and extraction processes. The FCMs were selected based on the intended contact of the material with various food types. P1 recycled coated paper FCM was intended for contact with acidic and aqueous foods, P2 recycled coated paper FCM with fatty foods, and P3 recycled plain paper FCM with dry foods. The intended use was declared by the FCM manufacturers. An overview of the sample preparation conditions and procedures is given in Table 1. For the development and evaluation of the sample preparation procedures, three recycled paper FCM samples were used as references. This approach ensured that materials with consistent quantities and identities of chem- icals were included in the sample preparation procedures, allowing for the comparison of the influence of different methods on the migration of chemicals. This consistency is particularly important due to the significant variability in the chemical composition of recycled paper FCMs, resulting from differences in recycling and manufacturing practices among companies.
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