A. Kourkopoulos et al.
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Table 4. Regulatory SMLs, threshold values, and tolerable intake values for elements
Element
Form
SMLs
Reference threshold value
Tolerable intake
Aluminum Titanium
27 Al 47 Ti
1 mg/kg of food a
-
1 mg/kg bw (TWI)
-
2250 mg/(kg bw·d) (NOAEL): chronic/long term toxicity b 0.2–1.0 mg/(kg bw·d) (BDML): hematopoietic/neoplastic toxicity b ; 10 mg/d (NOAEL) b 1 mg/(kg bw·d) (LOAEL): hemo- poietic toxicity b 1.1–4.3 μ g/kg bw (BDML) Irrita- tion: systemic toxicity; 0.28–1.30 mg/(kg bw·d) (LOAEL): reproductive toxicity b
22.5 mg/kg bw (cTDI)
52 Cr
-
Chromium
2–10 μ g/kg bw (cTDI)
Cobalt
59 Co
-
10 μ g/kg bw (cTDI)
60 Ni
-
11–43 ng/kg bw (cTDI) 2.8–13 ng/kg bw (cTDI) 0.1 mg/d (cTDI)
Nickel
Copper
65 Cu
-
10 mg/d (NOAEL): hepatotoxicity b
66 Zn
-
50 mg/d (NOAEL): systemic toxicity b ; 5 mg/kg of food a
0.5 mg/d (cTDI)
Zinc
75 As
0.01–0.50 mg/kg of food (salt, baby foods, rice-based products, and fruit juice) c ; 0.01 mg/kg of food a
-
-
Arsenic
Selenium
78 Se
-
8.19–8.50 μ g/d (cTDI)
819–850 μ g/d (NOAEL): systemic toxicity b
98 Mo 111 Cd
-
- -
Molybdenum
10–100 μ g/d (UL)
Cadmium
0.005 mg/kg of food (milk protein-based baby foods); 3 mg/kg (supplements); 0.02–0.50 mg/kg of food (fruit, vegetables, and fungi); 0.05– 0.15 mg/kg of food (mostly meat and fish products) c ; 0.01 mg/kg of food a
-
118 Sn
1 mg/kg of food a
- -
-
Tin
Antimony
-
0.006 mg/kg bw (TDI): antimony trioxide b
Barium
138 Ba
1 mg/kg of food a
-
0.05–6.00 mg/kg food (TDI) b
Mercury
201 Hg
<0.1 mg/kg of food (salt and supplements); 0.3–1.0 mg/kg of food (fish and fishery products) c ; 0.005 mg/kg of food a
-
-
208 Pb
<0.1 mg/kg of food (salt and supplements); be- tween 0.3–1.0 mg/kg of food (fish and fishery products) c ; 0.005 mg/kg a -
-
Lead
238 U
-
0.06 mg/(kg bw·d) (LOAEL): nephrotoxicity non neoplastic b
Uranium
0.6 μ g/kg bw (cTDI)
a Limits as specified in the Dutch Commodities Act Regulations on Packaging and Consumables, Part 1, Chapter II, Section 1.3.3. b The OpenFoodTox database was accessed on 15 July 2024. c Commission Regulation (EU) 2023/915.
than the reference values, respectively. Barium was detected in quantities exceeding the regulatory SMLs in all the mi- gration samples and extracts. In addition, the AFM sample contained amounts exceeding the reference safety limits for cobalt, nickel, copper, arsenic, molybdenum, cadmium, lead, and uranium. Similarly, the LFM content exceeded the refer- ence values for cobalt, nickel, arsenic, molybdenum, and lead, while FFM contained larger amounts of cobalt, nickel, mo- lybdenum, and uranium. The quantity of lithium was detected in AFM, LFM, FFM, and LAE.
approximately 190–230 and 42 times higher than those in the aforementioned SML samples. Aluminum was also present in LAE, although in much smaller quantities than in AFM, LFM, and FFM. Similar amounts of aluminum were detected in both the DFM and DE samples. The quantified zinc in the AFM sample exceeded the Dutch regulation’s SML by 100 times, with substantial quantities also identified in the LFM, FFM, and DFM samples, as well as their extraction counter- parts LAE, FE, and DE. Chromium was detected in the AFM and FFM samples at levels seven times and 4.5 times higher
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