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degrade mechanical properties and smoothness. The optimal dosage range identified in this study (0.8–1.0%) appears to strike a balance, providing acceptable mechanical recovery without exceeding the reference properties. These findings emphasize the complexity of wet-end papermaking, where numerous factors, including fiber type, stock preparation, and additive interactions, must be carefully managed. In conclusion, while the use of retention agents offers significant benefits for papermaking processes, their impact on recycled paper properties, such as tensile strength and smoothness, cannot be overlooked. Striking the right balance between process ef- ficiency and product quality remains a key challenge, requiring ongoing research and collaboration between industry and academia. Funding: This research was financially supported by the projects RPDS.01.02.01-02-0051/20 by Polish Regional Funds and POIR.01.01.01-00-0084/17 funded by the National Centre for Research and Development (NCBR, Poland). Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable. Data Availability Statement: The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the author upon request. Conflicts of Interest: Author Edyta Małachowska was employed by the company Natural Fibers Advanced Technologies. The author declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
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