Advanced Materials & Sustainable Manufacturing 2024 , 1, 10003 2 of 14 there is an urgent need to develop the digital twin model for papermaking process that can perform online sensing, analysis, simulation, optimization, and decision-making of the process. The emerging of digital twin in the industrial domain provides feasible solution ideas [24 – 26]. As aforementioned, although a large number of scholars have conducted modeling studies on digital twins and achieved some results in related fields [27 – 29], it remains empty of a robotic general digital twin frameworks for the chemical industry, especially for the papermaking industry. Therefore, this paper proposes a digital twin-based data visualization model based on CADSIM Plus simulation software for the papermaking industry to promote the process performance. 2. Methods 2.1. A Digital Twin Framework for the Papermaking Process The papermaking process has the following characteristics: diverse raw materials with different nature and complex interrelationships in the process, and there are a large number of parameters that are difficult to be detected along the process; various complicated physical and chemical reactions occur in its process [30]. The core of designing a digital twin of a papermaking process is to perform mechanistic or data-driven modeling of the process to rationally describe the production process [31 – 33]. Industrial data are first collected, pre-processed, and stored in a database. Then data-driven methods are used to infer parameters that cannot be directly measured, find relationships in the production process, and simulate the process to enable assessment of the current state, diagnosis of past problems, prediction of future trends, provide more reasonable and reliable process parameters and optimize the process g process [34,35]. Figure 1 illustrates the digital twin framework for the papermaking process, and the individual modules are described correspondingly.
Figure 1. Digital twin framework of papermaking process. The physical layer mainly includes materials, equipment, production lines, environment and personnel, etc. It mainly provides data on all production factors and production elements such as materials, equipment and processes in the papermaking process. Materials such as fibers, fillers, retention aids, dry strength agents, etc., equipment such as pulper, headbox, white part, core winder and cutter etc., production lines are also divided into different production lines such as newsprint, household paper, boxboard, etc., as well as the temperature and humidity of the environment, personnel operation, etc. The sensing layer is mainly responsible for data collection and transmission. The original data in the process is collected by the sensors on site to the distributed control system, and then uploaded to the enterprise ’ s cloud service platform through the net gate, and the data can be downloaded directly through the cloud service platform when used. The data collection also includes the data of offline inspection such as the quality index of raw paper, etc. The data layer is responsible for receiving the original data. Due to the different frequency of data collection, spatial location of sensors, etc., as well as the fact that some of the data are obtained by offline laboratory tests, and there are many uncertainties in the process, such as process abnormalities, equipment failures, or irregularities in operation, there are time differences and delays in the collected data. Therefore, after operations such as data
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