Dilek YAYLALI, Canan URAZ, Esat GÜMÜŞKAYA
Introduction Paper has a huge impact on the social and economic advancement of countries in terms of education, communication and industrialisation. The demand for wood in the pulp and paper industries is increasing globally as a result of population and economic growth [Bowyer 2001]. About 40% of the goods produced by the pulp and paper industries come directly from wood-based sources [Danielewicz and Surma- Ś lusarska 2017; Dutt et al. 2008]. Research into the wood economy has long sought to improve the yield of fibrous semi-manufactured products. It is widely acknowledged that these methods will not be able to solve the anticipated problem of a future wood raw material scarcity for paper production, and it is necessary to modify the proposed area of research. In addition to the expected scarcity of the raw materials needed to produce pulp and paper, the increasing environmental consciousness of society has prompted paper manufacturers to search for alternative sources of virgin cellulose fibres including those derived from non-wood or agricultural sources. These factors led researchers in the 21 st century to focus on non-wood fibre materials and recyclable paper wastes as major sources. Currently, 89% of the world’s paper production is based on wood sources, and just 11% of the world’s pulp production originates from non-wood sources [Malachowska et al. 2015]. Straw is currently the most commonly used non-wood fibre, although abaca, reeds, cotton, cotton linters, hemp, sisal, kenaf, sugar cane bagasse and bamboo are also major non-wood fibres for the pulp and paper industries [Plazonic et al. 2016; Ashori 2006]. Regardless of the origin of the fibre (wood, non-wood, agricultural residues, industrial residues, or wild plants), it is crucial to determine whether specific fibres contribute significantly to the strength and quality of the paper [Plazonic et al. 2016]. One of the major problems in the world today is the increasing volume of waste generated together with insufficient collection and recycling methods. Wastepaper recycling is important because it helps to preserve forest resources over the long run while reducing the continuous deposition of wastes into the environment. While the potential benefits of recycling may appear positive, the performance of the end- product may not seem to benefit as much from the use of recovered raw materials owing to the degradation in quality, compared to virgin materials. The use of industrial hemp ( Cannabis sativa ) for the production of pulp and paper is a trending issue since it has demanded advantageous properties such as strength, high fibre content and low lignin content [Malachowska et al. 2015]. Researchers have primarily focused on resolving the major limitations of hemp usage, including the low tendency of its fibres for internal fibrillation, low hemicellulose percentage and high cost of hemp pulp. Pulps made from hemp bast fibres must be subjected to beating after the pulping process to shorten and fibrillate the fibres. In this experiment, the hemp bast fibres were shortened to 4 mm just before pulping, and the effect of size reduction and beating with a Hollander-type beater
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