Evaluating the performance of hemp bast fibres in the production of packaging paper using different …
Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis The functional groups of the raw, beaten and cooked hemp bast fibres were characterised by FTIR analysis using an FTIR spectrometer (PerkinElmer FTIR Spectrum 65). According to Zhbankov [1966], a layer of parallel, closely packed fibres was used for the investigation of the fibrous material, and 32 scans with a resolution of 0.5 cm − 1 and absorption between 4000 and 600 cm − 1 were taken for each sample. Physical strength tests Handsheets were conditioned for 24 h in an atmosphere (23 ± 1 °C, 65% relative humidity) following TAPPI T 402 om-88 [TAPPI T 402: 2008]. The average mass per unit area of the conditioned sheets was determined and recorded for the index calculations. Physical strength tests were run following the TAPPI T sp-220 standard [TAPPI T 220: 2001]. The physical strength tests were done in Selkasan Ka ğıt’s laboratory (L&W testers). Thereafter, all of the test results were indexed using the conditioned mass per unit area of the test sheets. Finally, the indexed results were reported as the average of 6 replicates. Results and discussion Carbohydrate components, solubility and ash content Carbohydrate components, solubility and ash content test results of the raw material hemp bast fibre are shown in Table 3. Similar carbohydrate content and solubility results were obtained in t he study of Gümüşkaya and Usta [2006] . Hemp bast fibres were found to contain more holocellulose and cellulose than wood and several non-wood sources while having less lignin. The ash content of the hemp bast fibres was found to be 1.5% by Danielewicz and Surma- Ś lusarska [2017] and 2.17% by Tutuş et al. [2016] . Table 3. Carbohydrate and ash content test results of hemp bast fibres Test type Content (%) Holocellulose 87.7 Cellulose 74.8 Lignin 9.1 Ash content 3.5
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