Molecules 2023 , 28 , 7984
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Y. Mei et al. [196] presented a comprehensive study of the interaction of SPBs with cationic modified polyacrylamide (CPAM), calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) particles, and cellulose fibers. In their work, it also elaborated this system as a model for retention aids in the papermaking process. The results suggested that the dual flocculation system using anionic SPBs worked so efficiently compared to bentonite, which can be attributed to the high cation exchange capacity (CEC) of SPBs. Anionic SPBs acted as a particle bridge
between fibers and CaCO 3 . 6. Conclusions and Outlook
As follows from the above overview, numerous retention aids have been utilized in wet-end papermaking. It can also be noticed that current studies are mainly focused on a basic description of single-component systems and dual-component systems, while much less attention is paid to the correlation of structure parameters involving charge density, molecular weight, and the retention performances of retention aids. Therefore, the prospect of developing novel retention aids with highly branched structures and controllable charge density and molecular weight is an exciting direction that has yet to be realized. Previous studies have found that spherical polyelectrolyte brushes can adapt to the current demand for papermaking. Looking forward to the future, however, a wide scope of challenges will continue to create excellent performance retention aids due to the complexity of wet-end papermaking. Firstly, there are limited publications focusing on SPBs as retention aids in papermaking. In addition to CS and SiO 2 , other types of nanoparticles as templates should be further studied. More importantly, further development of SPBs with different grafting densities, molecular weights, and charge densities will be a key to realize the applications in wet-end papermaking. Secondly, current analysis involving the interaction force between CSPBs and fibers has been restricted to macroscopic analysis. That is to say, the specific interaction force, whether van der Waals or electrostatic forces, has not been clearly understood. Finally, the fractal dimension of flocs in wet-end papermaking and the retention mechanism of SPBs can also be further studied. Interestingly, further research will continue to focus on multi-component additives. Funding: This work is sponsored by Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai (21ZR1422100). Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable. Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable. Data Availability Statement: Data are contained within the article. Acknowledgments: Key Lab of Intelligent and Green Flexographic Printing (KLIGFP-01) technical support. Conflicts of Interest: The author declares no conflict of interest.
Abbreviations Abbreviations Name GCC
Ground calcium carbonate Precipitated calcium carbonate Spherical polyelectrolyte brushes
PCC SPBs PAC PAM
Polyaluminium chloride
Polyacrylamide
PEI Polyethylene CPAM Cationic polyacrylamide APAM Anionic polyacrylamide ACPAM Amphoteric polyacrylamide
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