Materials 2022 , 15 , 4542
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3. Utilization of Alternative Furnish Materials for Panel Manufacturing The application of NWLM and other alternative furnish materials solely or mixed with wood fibers or chips in panel production has been extensively studied during the last decades. Various studies are summarized in Tables 5–8, where these materials were used as raw materials in fiberboard or particleboard, in combination with another material, as well as the type and quantity of adhesives. Tests in which NWLM or ARs were only used as a filler or as an adhesive component were not considered. The produced panels were evaluated for their mechanical and physical properties, i.e., internal bond (IB), modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR), thickness swelling (TS), and water absorption (WA). Table 5. NWLM used for panel production with information on whether MOR and IB meet ( ) or not ( ) the standard requirements (fiberboard EN 622-3:2004; particleboard EN 312:2003).
IB (Nmm − 2 )
Resin Type SL; CL (%)
MOR (Nmm − 2 )
PanelType
Materials
References
Fiberboard
Bamboo
Bagasse fiber
UF
4
12
1.4
[74] [82]
Kenaf Kenaf
- - -
-
-
18 *
0.2 * 0.33
-
UF UF UF UF UF UF UF PF PF UF UF UF UF UF UF
10 11 11
29.14
[101] [102] [102] [103] [103] [103] [104] [104] [104] [105] [105] [106] [106] [107] [107] [108] [101]
Rhododendron Rhododendron
40 * 32 *
0.63 * 0.60 *
ind. wood fibers
Particleboard
Bamboo Bamboo Bamboo Bamboo Bamboo Bamboo Bamboo Bamboo
-
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
22.57 25.25 14.36 13.44 17.68 11.25 12.79 11.72 13.6 13.22
1.61 1.62 0.32 0.26 0.1 0.22 0.22 0.09 0.43 0.4
Eucalyptus Rice stalks
- -
Pinus taeda
-
Eucalyptus
Flax Flax
-
13 13
ind. wood chips
Hemp Hemp
-
10; 8 10; 8
16 * 16 * 19.6
0.78 * 0.78 *
ind. wood chips
Jose wheat grass
- - - - -
pMDI
4 8 6
-
-
Kenaf
UF
12.88
0.86 0.11 0.67 0.23 5.8 *
Miscanthus Miscanthus Miscanthus
pMDI
24.2
[80] [80]
UF
12
11
pMDI
6
5.7
[109]
Seaweed
UF [110] * derived from figure, CL (core layer), ind. (industrial), PF (phenol-formaldehyde), pMDI (polymeric diphenyl- methane diisocyanate), SL (surface layer), and UF (urea-formaldehyde). 25 2.6 * Table 6. Grow care residues used for panel production with information on whether MOR and IB meet ( ) ornot ( ) the standard requirements (fiberboard EN 622-3:2004; particleboard EN 312:2003).
Resin Type SL; CL (%)
MOR (Nmm − 2 )
IB (Nmm − 2 )
PanelType
Materials
References
Fiberboard
Pinecone
ind. Wood fiber
UF
10
13.3
0.4
-
[111]
Particleboard
Grass clipping Grass clipping Kiwi pruning Kiwi pruning Needle litter Needle litter Vine pruning Vine pruning Vine pruning Vine pruning Vine pruning
-
UF UF UF UF UF UF UF UF UF UF UF UF UF
12 12
4.19 8.39 8.42 6.83 9.15 10.47
0.08
[112] [112] [113] [113] [114] [114] [115] [116] [115] [117] [117] [54] [54]
Eucalyptus chips
0.189 0.527 0.555 0.152 0.208
-
10; 8 10; 8
ind. wood chips
-
12 12
ind. wood chips
- - - -
8 8 9 8 8 8
8.5
0.69
3.75 13.6 4.17
0.3
1.32 0.33 0.84 1.05 1.28
10
ind. wood chips
14
Yerba mata pruning
-
9.6
Yerba mata pruning ind. wood chips
14.5
CL (core layer), ind. (industrial), SL (surface layer), and UF (urea-formaldehyde).
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