Materials 2022 , 15 , 4542
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Figure 3. ( a ) three-layer particleboard with green coconut fibers in the outer layer and sugarcane bagasse in the inner layer [155], ( b ) spruce vs. miscanthus single-layer particleboards [156], ( c ) three- layer particleboard with rice husk core and a jute surface layer bonded by soybean protein [157], the ( d ) olive stone particleboard [148]. The research on using grow care residues for panel manufacturing is rather scarce (Table 6). Three-layer particleboards prepared by replacement of wood chips with 50% vine pruning particles in the core layer showed comparable mechanical properties to panels made with 100% wood chips. Those panels used 12% and 8% UF resin in the surface and core layers, respectively. A negative effect on the mechanical properties of the panels was observed with the increased content of vine pruning particles. Similar performance reduction was also observed when vine pruning particles were used in one- layer particleboards [54]. According to the authors, the reduction is due to the lower length to thickness ratio compared to wood particles, as well as the certain amount of pith particles in the material. With single-layer particleboards from vine pruning waste and 9% UF, Ferrandez-Villena et al. [116] showed that it is even possible to reach the minimum require- ments for furniture manufacturing. However, with a high panel density of approximately 865kgm − 3 . Nemli et al. [113] investigated different versions of three-layer particleboards with kiwi pruning particles in the core layer. An industrial UF resin was used with 11% and 8% in surface and core layers, respectively. An increase of kiwi pruning particles in the core layer negatively affected the panel properties. The reduction is also justified by the proportion of pith and bark in the kiwi pruning material. Panels containing up to 50% kiwi pruning particles exceeded the mini- mum requirements of MOR according to EN 312:2003 for general purposes. The mechanical strength of the panels was improved slightly by increasing the adhesive content by 1% for each panel version.
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