Sustainability 2022 , 14 , 4669
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45
30
15
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
ER (-)
ƀ
CO
ƀ
Ƃ
ƀ Ƃ
Figure6. Fluctuation of syngas composition with ER.
12
5.2
75
0.3
8
5
60
0.25
4
4.8
45
0
4.6
30
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
ER (-) LHV Net Power
ER (-) CGE CCE Syngas density
( a )
( b )
Figure 7. Effect of ER on CGE , CCE , and syngas density ( a ) and syngas LHV and net power from products ( b ). The estimated optimum ER appears to be at least 0.2. Indeed, although syngas LHV , CGE , and . P net are higher at ER 0.15, thermal treatment of biomass by applying an ER lower than 0.2 leads to pyrolysis rather than gasification, which generates more tar, char, ash, and other impurities [49,68]. The removal of all the impurities from syngas, including tar content, is required before its use in an ICE, to ensure a high conversion efficiency and engine lifetime. The cleaning process for syngas generated at ER 0.15 would be more costly compared to the reduction of energy content obtained at 0.2 [69]. The fluctuation of composition and LHV of syngas, CCE , and CGE predicted in the current analysis with temperature and ER is in accordance with the studies on syngas generation through thermal treatment of biomass available in the literature [24,25,33,41,42,49,51,54,60–62,68,70,71]. 3.3.3. Cogeneration Process Performances The exhaust gas of the ICE fuelled with syngas from gasification of WP–DIS pellets contains CO 2 ,NO X, and HCl. The variation of emission profiles with the analysed operating parameters is presented in Figure 8.
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