Sustainability 2022 , 14 , 4669
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1.2
120
1.4
100
0.9
90
1.05
75
0.6
60
0.7
50
0.3
30
0.35
25
0
0
0
0
700 800 900 1000 Temperature (°C) ƀ NOx HCl
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 ER (-) ƀ Nox HCl
( a )
( b )
Figure 8. Variation of ICE emission profile with gasification operating parameters of temperature ( a ) andER( b ). As shown in Figure 8, the concentration of NO X increases with the temperature as theNO X formation reaction is endothermic and moves in the forward direction when the temperature increases [67]. The concentration of the remaining two constituents (CO 2 and HCl) in the exhaust does not significantly change with gasification temperature. Analysing the effect of ER, the concentration of NO X decreases with ER whereas that of CO 2 and HCl increases. With the raise of ER, combustion reactions move into forward direction, and consequently the concentration of CO 2 and HCl increases. At the same time, the raising of N 2 concentration inside the gasifier with ER creates a dilution effect, reducing the temperature, and, thus, NO X formation decreases continuously [54,61,62]. The estimated potentiality of CHP generation from the WP–DIS is 1.14 kWh/kg as DS of electrical energy and 1.80 kWh/kg as DS of thermal energy. A summary of the predicted CGE , η el , η th , and η sys obtained in the present study, to- gether with their comparison with relevant analysis available in the literature, is illustrated inTable 7. Table 7. Comparison of CGE, η el , η th , and η sys predicted in the present analysis with similar studies available in the literature.
Biomass
CGE 61.90
Ref.
η el
η th
η sys
WP–DIS pellet (M2)
18.32 29.20
46.86 45.92
73.87 53.10
Present study
n.r.
[41] [42] [43] [52] [53] [70] [71]
SS
58.1 60.0 35.0 59.0 70.0
19.3 30.0 26.0 19.1 27.0 27.0 n.r.
48.7
n.r.
Hazelnut shell Olive pruning
n.r. n.r.
64.0 41.0 40.1 67.0 66.0 n.r.
MSW
20.0 33.5 40.0 39.0
Olive kernel
n.r.
Wood
84.0
n.r. = Not reported.
Based on the data related to WP and DIS generated in the EU in 2019, it is estimated that 32,950–35,700 GWh of electrical and 52,190–56,100 GWh of thermal energy could be pro- duced based on the DIS generation in the range of 20–40 wt% of WP [4,12]. By considering the emission factors for electricity consumption and natural gas combustion, the avoided CO 2 emissions resulting from using the producible electrical and thermal energy would be in the ranges of 12998–15164 and 11781–13744 Mt of CO 2 per year, respectively. Finally, by considering the estimated CHP generation potentiality from WP–DIS in 2019, it is estimated that between 25 and 28% and from 44 to 48% of the electrical and
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