Energies 2021 , 14 , 1161
18of 30
Table8. Cont .
Estimated Energy Saving
Estimated Emission Reduction
Typeof Technology
TRL
Description
Ref.
Process
The use of a closed hood (instead of an open or semi-open one) over the paper machine reduces energy consumption and CO 2 emission. Energy recovery system for the low-temperature exhaust heat from the paper drying section using a ceramic membrane tube. Sensor to measure stiffness, allowing real-time control of production. This technology reduces energy and raw material consumption. Steam box preheats the water used to form the paper, improve dewatering efficiency, and allowing higher dry contents to be attained in the press section. Pulp enters the forming section with smaller water content (3% fibers). Suitable for low weight grades such as tissue. Use of turbulent air in place of water as the paper carrier, meaning that there is no water added to the dry pulp, reducing energy for drying Hot pressing increases water removal in the press section, reducing the heat needs in the drying section. Combination of mechanical and air pressure, increasing solids content by up to 60%. Impulse drying uses the heat and pressure in mechanical dewatering before the drying section. It can reduce the water content and increase the solid content by up to 65%. In this technology, the paper is dried between two steel belts in high pressure (max. 10 bar) conditions. The temperature for drying is max. 180 ◦ C, and the steam and electricity consumption can be reduced.
Closed hood
13%
45%EL
9
[10,44]
Transport membrane Condenser Laser Ultrasonic Stiffness Sensor
Paper Machine
[18]
3%
[18]
[11,42,44]
Steambox
5%
5%
High consistency forming Dry sheet forming Hot pressing Displacement Pressing
Forming
3%
8%EL
7
[18,43,44]
42%
50%
7
[15,42,44]
0.61 GJ/ton paper
8%
7–8
[15,44]
Press section
30%
[15,18,43]
Impulse dryingof paper
0.44 GJ/ton paper
20%
7
[43,44]
Drying
1.6GJ steam & 20KWh EL/ton paper
Condebelt dryers
7–8
[15,18,43]
Table 9. An overview of the innovative technologies (IT) for the pulp and paper sector based on the literature review.
Estimated Emission Reduction
Estimated Energy Saving
Typeof Technology
Process
TRL
Description
Ref.
By changing the cellular microstructure of wood, this technology increases the chemical component’s permeability to the chips. It applies to chemical pulping and can reduce energy consumption and the amount of chemical needed. The technology is used in mechanical pulping and can improve fibers’ separation rate (defibration), and refines efficiency by using chemical components such as oxalic acid. Extraction of hemicellulose before pulping decreases alkali consumption, improves the energy efficiency, and increases the production capacity of kraft pulping
Microwave pre-treatment
[18,43]
Pre-treatment technology
Chemical pre-treatment with oxalic acid Hemicellulose extraction before chemical pulping
[18,42,43]
25% 6–8
[18,42]
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