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fossil fuel boilers with a direct heat supply (such as commercial electric boiler) would enable reducing emissions by up to 75%. This means that the goal of 100% CO 2 emission reduction by 2050 cannot be reached with a single method alone. Therefore, the following points appear to be essential, and should be taken into account in the future: • Selecting a combination of technologies, particularly with the electrification of the steam supply, along with the use of carbon-free electricity generated by renewable energy. • Close cooperation with stakeholders to select the most promising decarbonization options. • Consideration of industry sectors coupling to explore the possibility of using waste heat and biofuel generated in nearby industries. Author Contributions: Conceptualization, designed the research, and developed the method M.R.M. and M.S.S.; methodology, M.R.M.; software, M.S.S. and M.R.M.; writing—original draft preparation, M.R.M.; review and editing, T.K. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding: This work was carried out as part of the NEFI_Lab project. The NEFI_Lab project is supported with the funds from the Climate and Energy Fund and implemented in the framework of the RTI-initiative “Flagship region Energy”. Acknowledgments: We are grateful to T â nia Alexandra Dos Santos Costa e Sousa for her helpful comments and suggestions. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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