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4. Conclusions
A charcoal, obtained by the pyrolysis of primary pulp mill sludge, was proved to be able to adsorb diclofenac, salicylic acid, ibuprofen and acetaminophen either from ultrapure or from an STP secondary effluent. Adsorption equilibrium of these pharmaceuticals was attained within 200 min in all cases, the kinetics being described by the pseudo-second order equa- tion. Both from ultrapure water and from the STP secondary effluent, the kinetic constant k 2 decreased from salicylic acid > diclofenac > ibuprofen > acetaminophen. Equilib- rium results were appropriately described by the Sips isotherm model, except for salicylic acid, adsorption equilibrium of which was better described by the Freundlich isotherm. Both from ultrapure water and from the STP secondary effluent, the adsorption capacity decreased from diclofenac > ibupro- fen acetaminophen > salicylic acid. For each of these phar- maceuticals, neither the removal velocity nor the capacity decreased when using the produced charcoal in a real wastew- ater matrix with respect to its utilization in ultrapure water. Competitive effects of substances present in wastewater may have been compensated by the synergetic removal of pharma- ceuticals by microorganisms.
Acknowledgments
Vaˆ nia Calisto and Catarina I.A. Ferreira thank the Portuguese Science Foundation (FCT) for their postdoctoral (SFRH/ BPD/78645/2011) and PhD grants (SFRH/BD/88965/2012), respectively. Marta Otero acknowledges financial support from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, State Secretariat for Research, Development and Innovation (RYC-2010-05634). European Funds through COMPETE and by National Funds through the FCT within project PEst-C/MAR/LA0017/2013 are acknowledged. Authors also thank the kind collaboration of Eng Pedro Sarmento from RAIZ – Instituto de Investigac¸ a˜ o da Floresta e do Papel.
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