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consumption, and adhesive production, and were mainly obtained from GaBi Thinkstep databases (Thinkstep, 2018) and other databases to cover some missing datasets such as Ecoinvent 3.5 (Swiss Centre for Life Cycle Inventories, 2018). Lignosulfonate product specific LCA reports were also available, and the data sources are summarized in Table 2. Table 2. Summary of Data Sources Category Material/Component Data LCI Source
Green Chips (50% water content)
GLO: Used wood, wood chips (50% H 2 O content) CN: Timber pine (10.7% H 2 O content)
Thinkstep
Solid Pine Timber
González- García (2011) Ecoinvent 3.5 World Steel association (2017) Thinkstep Ecoinvent 3.5
Ammonium Lignosulfonate
Lignin based phenolic material.
Hydrogen Peroxide (Aqueous 50 wt%)
RER: Hydrogen peroxide (50% H 2 O 2 )
Raw Materials
GLO: Steel welded pipe worldsteel
Metals
CN: Plastic foil (Polyethylene, PE) RER: Polyvinyl acetate (PVAC) RER: PUR dispersion adhesive CN: Wax / Paraffins at refinery from crude oil CN: Electricity from hard coal CN: Thermal energy from biomass (solid) CN: Transport, small truck (up to 14 t total cap., 9.3t payload) CN: Diesel mix at filling station
Plastic
Polyvinyl acetate adhesive
Polyurethane coating
Paraffin Emulsion
Electricity from Grid
Energy
Energy from Biomass Truck (4 ton to 5 ton) Truck (12 ton to 14 ton) Fuel for transportation
Thinkstep
Transportation
CN=China, GLO=Global, RER=Europe.
Life Cycle Impact Assessment In this study, the ReCiPe 1.08 Endpoint method and its impact categories were selected for evaluating the different types of damages over the entire life of the product (La Rosa et al. 2013). The three main damage categories were damage to human health (HH), damage to the ecosystem quality (EQ), and damage to resources (R). Damage to HH was shown as the number of years lived as disabled and the number of years of life lost; its unit was disability adjusted life years (DALYs). Damage to the EQ was shown as the loss of species within a given period, and its unit was species years (species·yr). Damage to R was shown as the surplus of energy for future resource integration (Rivela et al. 2007). This was helpful for highlighting the drawbacks of specific categories and the possible environmental benefits. When conventional MDF was replaced with HWC in the wardrobe products, it was essential to detect the hot spots and further demonstrate the observed impacts. The characterization step analyzed the contributions of different subsystems to the damage categories and sub-categories. The results of the characterization and damage assessment are shown in Tables 3 and 4.
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Li et al . (2019 ). “Wardrobe case study in China,” B io R esources 14(2), 2740-2758.
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