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Damage to Human Health Table 3 shows the relative contributions to the sub-damage categories for the four stages of each subsystem. Damage to HH was further divided into six sub-damage categories, which were climate change on HH (CCH), human toxicity (HT), particulate matter formation (PMF), ozone depletion (OD), ionizing radiation (IR), and photochemical oxidant formation (POF). Considering the existing six categories (Fig. 4), 44.7% of the CCH damage occurred in the raw materials supply stage because of CO 2 emissions from the production of HMAL/WF, and 32.1% of the CCH damage was because of energy consumption. For the HT category, 46.5% of the impact was caused during the energy consumption stage, and 42.3% of the environmental impact occurred during the raw materials supply stage. For the PMF category, the impactful stages were the raw materials supply (42.7%) and energy consumption (37.5%). For the IR, OD, and POF categories, 44.7%, 32.1%, and 20.9% of the environmental impacts were caused during the raw materials supply stage, energy consumption stage, and transportation, respectively. For the OD category, 39.4% of the impact occurred in the raw materials supply stage and 36.7% of the impact happened during the energy consumption stage. The damage to HH was the main impact because the CCH, HT, and PMF categories had a total of 0.653 (Fig. 5). The sum of IR, OD, and POF was deemed the least important in the damage to HH.
Fig. 5. Differently weighted sub-damage categories Damage to the Ecosystem Quality
In Table 3, the damage to the EQ was further divided into six sub-damage categories, which were climate change ecosystems (CCE), freshwater ecotoxicity (FE), freshwater eutrophication (EP), marine ecotoxicity (ME), terrestrial acidification (AC), and terrestrial ecotoxicity (TE). The distribution stage was the main contributor, causing impacts of more than 44% for FE (53.5%), EP (44.9%), AC (48.9%), and TE (63.4%) for 2000-km distances (Fig. 4). This was because of diesel consumption in the transportation stage, which was due to fossil fuel consumption, as well as CO 2 and CH 4 emissions from fossil fuels. The CCE showed the highest impact with 0.0322, while the other sub-damage categories were less important with a sum of 0.000151 (Fig. 5).
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Li et al . (2019 ). “Wardrobe case study in China,” B io R esources 14(2), 2740-2758.
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