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possible to notably enhance the strength of the board sheet. Moreover, a balance between the board pro- cessing parameters (retention, drainage time) and the board mechanical properties can be achieved by tailoring the amount of CNF that is added. The strength properties of the manufactured board sheets improved several dozen percentages when CNF obtained from recycled boxboard was used as a reinforcement. It was also observed that the strength properties of the pulp from the DES-pretreatment were better than those of the untreated pulp. However when taking account chemical pretreatment with used DES- system the raw material cost increased around 34% and therefore the most economical way to improve the tensile strength properties of boards is to add untreated mechanical grinded CNF with around a 4% moderate grinding level (using a grinding energy level around 3–4 kWh/kg) directly to the board pulp slurry as the reinforcement material. Open access funding provided by University of Oulu including Oulu University Hospital. The authors would like to acknowledge the funding provided by the Council of Oulu Region, granted by the European Regional Development Fund of the European Union for the New bioproducts and—chemicals from cellulose side streams using DES-based refining concept project (SelDES). Acknowledgments
Compliance with ethical standards
Conflict of interest conflict of interest.
The authors declare that they have no
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