ACS Omega
http://pubs.acs.org/journal/acsodf
Article
■ REFERENCES (1) Downey, W. F. Higher Alkyl Ketene Dimer Emulsion. U.S. Patent US2,627,4771949. (2) Davis, J. W.; Robertson, W. H.; Weisgerber, G. A new sizing agent for paper - alkylketene dimers. Tappi J. 1956 , 39 , 21 − 23. (3) Nahm, S. H. Direct evidence for covalent bonding between ketene dimer sizing agents and cellulose. J. Wood Chem. Technol. 1986 , 6 , 89 − 112. (4) Roberts, J. C.; Garner, D. N. The mechanism of alkylketene dimer sizing of paper. Part 1. Tappi J. 1985 , 68 , 118 − 121. (5) Lindström, T.; O ’ Brian, H. On the mechanism of sizing with alkylketene dimers. Nord. Pulp Pap. Res. J. 1986 , 1 , 34 − 42. (6) Lindström, T.; Söderberg, G. On the mechanism of sizing with alkylketene dimers. Nord. Pulp Pap. Res. J. 1986 , 1 , 26 − 33. (7) Lindström, T.; Söderberg, G. On the mechanism of sizing with alkylketene dimers. Nord. Pulp Pap. Res. J. 1986 , 1 , 31 − 38. (8) Marton, J. Practical aspects of alkaline sizing - on kinetics of alkyl ketene dimer reactions: hydrolysis of alkyl ketene dimer. Tappi J. 1990 , 73 , 139 − 143. (9) Oh, W. D.; Shin, D. S. Effects of hydrolysis product of AKD, extractives of pulp and additions of calcium carbonate filler on the kinetic coefficient of friction of paper surface. J. Korea Tappi 1994 , 26 , 7 − 14. (10) Novak, R. W.; Rende, D. S. Size reversion in alkaline papermaking. Tappi J. 1993 , 76 , 117 − 120. (11) Colasurdo, A. R. The interactions of alkylketene dimer with other wet-end additives. Tappi J. 1992 , 75 , 143 − 149. (12) Ödberg, L.; Lindström, T.; Liedberg, B.; Gustavsson, J. Evidence for β -ketoester formation during the sizing of paper with alkyl ketene dimers. Tappi J. 1987 , 70 , 135 − 139. (13) Lee, H. L.; Luner, P. Effect of relative humidity and unreacted AKD on AKD sizing. Nord. Pulp Pap. Res. J. 2005 , 20 , 227 − 231. (14) Goldstein, S. D. Key alkaline wet- and dry-end conversion program decisions: an overview. Tappi J. 1992 , 75 , 85 − 92. (15) Petander, L.; Ahlskog, T.; Juppo, A. J. Strategies to reduce AKD deposits on paper machines. Paperi ja puu 1998 , 80 , 100 − 103. (16) Dart, P. J.; McCalley, D. V. Determination of alkylketene dimer sizing agent products in paper by capillary gas chromatography. Analyst 1990 , 115 , 13 − 16. (17) Yano, T.; Ohtoni, H.; Tsuge, S. Determination of neutral sizing agent in paper by pyrolysis-gas chromatography. Analyst 1992 , 17 , 849 − 852. (18) Asakura, K.; Iwamoto, M.; Isogai, A. The effects of AKD oligomers present in AKD wax on dispersion stability and paper sizing performance. Nord. Pulp Pap. Res. J. 2006 , 21 , 245 − 252. (19) Zule, J.; Dolenc, J. Determination of AKD sizing agents in papermaking systems by gas chromatography. Acta Chim. Slov. 2003 , 50 , 115 − 122. (20) Lindström, T.; Söderberg, G. On the mechanism of sizing with alkylketene dimers. Nord. Pulp Pap. Res. J. 1986 , 1 , 39 − 45. (21) Martorana, E.; Fisher, S.; Kleemann, S. Quantitative analysis of synthetic sizing agents (ASA/AKD) using NIR spectroscopy. Nord. Pulp Pap. Res. J. 2009 , 24 , 335 − 341. (22) Seo, W.-S.; Cho, N. S.; Ohga, S. Possibility of hydrogen bonding between AKD and cellulose molecules during AKD sizing. J. Fac. Agric., Kyushu Univ. 2008 , 53 , 405 − 410. (23) Jaycock, M. J.; Roberts, J. C. A new procedure for the analysis of alkylketene dimers in paper. Paper Technol. 1994 , 35 , 38 − 42. (24) Min, C. K.; Shin, D. S. A quantitative analysis method for studying AKD hydrolysis. J. Korea Tappi 1998 , 30 , 29 − 37. (25) Hubbe, M. A.; Gill, R. A. Fillers for papermaking: A review of their properties and usage practices, and their mechanistic role. BioResources 2016 , 11 , 2886 − 2963. (26) Hubbe, M. A., In Filler Particle Shape vs. Paper Properties - A Review , TAPPI Spring Technical Conference Proceedings, Paper 7-3, 2004; pp 1 − 10. (27) Patton, P. A. In On the Mechanism of AKD Sizing and Size Reversion , TAPPI Spring Technical Conference Proceedings; TAPPI Press: Atlanta, 1991; pp 415 − 424.
stirred at 400 rpm for 20 s. After this time, 0.5% w/w AKD (based on the dry weight of pulp) was added to the stock, and the resulting mixture was stirred for 40 s and then drained. The DDA vacuum level of the dynamic drainage analyzer was adjusted to 250 mbar, and the fi rst-pass retention value was determined from the solids content and turbidity of the drained white water. To determine the AKD retention, a 100 g sample of white water was mixed with 100 g of chloroform in a separation funnel and vigorously shaken for 1 h to extract AKD. Next, a 50 g aliquot of this chloroform solution was taken and treated with DMAP whose weight is equal to the weight of 120 times of AKD, and an aliquot of the resulting mixture was analyzed by UV/vis spectrometry. The e ff ect of fi ller types and retention systems on AKD retention were evaluated using the same method used to examine the e ff ect of pulp type. AKD and fi ller were added after 20 and 40 s of stirring, respectively, and the resulting mixture was drained 20 s after the addition of fi ller. When the retention aid was used, the addition points and stirring speed shown in Table 8 were used in the experiment. They were chosen to simulate the conditions of the papermaking process. 4.2.3. In fl uence of Additives on AKD Retention and Mill Trials. To investigate the e ff ect of papermaking raw materials or additives on AKD retention, a fractional factorial experiment design was used. Each of the seven factors shown in Table 9 was examined at two levels to assess the e ff ect of these factors on AKD retention in a laboratory setting, and the resulting data were statistically analyzed. Next, mill trials were performed to examine the e ff ect of the two most important variables, as determined by the above laboratory experiment, on AKD retention. These trials were performed on a gap-former paper machine producing printing and writing grades papers at a machine speed of 1200 m/min. The points at which the additives were introduced are depicted in Figure 8. ■ AUTHOR INFORMATION Corresponding Author Hak Lae Lee − Department of Forest Sciences, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea; State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, People ’ s Republic of China ; Phone: +82 2 880 4786; Email: lhakl@snu.ac.kr Authors Kyong Ho Lee − Hankuk Paper Manufacturing Co. Ltd., Ulsan 45010, South Korea Hye Jung Youn − Department of Forest Sciences, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea; State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, People ’ s Republic of China; orcid.org/0000-0002-2503- 0471 Complete contact information is available at: https://pubs.acs.org/10.1021/acsomega.0c01374 Notes The authors declare no competing fi nancial interest.
11233
https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.0c01374 ACS Omega 2020, 5, 11227 − 11234
Made with FlippingBook - Online catalogs