Research Article
SN Applied Sciences (2020) 2:1577 | https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-020-03313-w
with pulp fibers, these polysaccharide/mineral compos- ites showed enhanced filler retention compared to the unmodified one without negatively affecting the physical strength of paper. However, at present ash level, optical properties did not significantly change. Thus, the compre- hensive characterization of the composite filler in accord- ance with our study may be beneficial for the develop- ment of high ash paper with desired properties. Such practice of converting seafood wastes into value-added additives are favorable not only to the paper industries but also to the environment leading to an efficient approach to reduce exploitation of forest resources and improve waste management. Further, work related to the factors governing the phase transformation of PCC polymorphs should be thoroughly studied in the future. Acknowledgement The research grant for the present work was sup- ported by the Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD), Government of India.
of 150 kg/t of CP and that of for manufacturing modified PCC-filled paper shall be INR 71150/t when 6.70 kg chi- tosan was applied per tonne of CP for PCC modification. The cost of chitosan is roughly around INR 600/kg. It was found in this study that even such a low dose of chitosan consumed for PCC modification can able to increase PCC retention in pulp fibers by 20% compared to the paper filled with unmodified PCC. It is to be also noted that an increase in ash content reduced the tensile strength loss without mitigating other physical, structural and opti- cal properties. Therefore, replacing cellulose fiber with a higher amount of PCC can be expected to have faster drainage rates and lower energy consumption in paper machines, thus minimizing the overall cost of production. Furthermore, chitosan in its native state was enough to induce PCC flocculation at alkaline pH and function as a potential retention aid without any additional auxiliary chemicals or quarternization. Nevertheless, its utilization from shrimp waste in filler modification technology pro- vides new opportunities for the development of sustain- able and eco-friendly products. Overall, a 6% increase in base/raw materials cost with chitosan biopolymer shall be compensated with reduced energy cost in production lines, its value addition to the paper products and its sub- sequent eco-friendly environmental impact at industrial scale.
Compliance with ethical standards
Conflict of interest On behalf of all authors, the corresponding au- thor states that there is no conflict of interest.
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4 Conclusions
In the present work, an attempt was made to modify the precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) with chitosan. The notable change in the crystal structure morphology was observed by FTIR, XRD and FE-SEM, respectively. The prin- ciple of transition from aragonite crystals from native PCC to prismatic calcite crystals of modified PCC may be pro- posed based on the dissolution–recrystallization mecha- nism in the presence of chitosan that leads to stabilization and orientation of polymorphs, thus altering the ultimate crystal habit. Presumably, the polymer acts as a template for the growth of polycrystalline calcites by adsorbing on the surface of aragonite and facilitates bridging of calcium carbonate particle with its coiled like chains. Moreover, the higher intensity at 2 θ = 29.4° corresponding to (104) plane of the XRD pattern in case of PCC modified with chitosan dissolved in acetic acid implies a higher fraction of calcite compared to HCl used as dissolving medium. Chitosan- induced aggregation of PCC fillers observed under optical images and FE-SEM was well corroborated to the particle size distribution data. The existence of chitosan chains in modified PCC was confirmed by TGA and TOC analysis. The deposition efficiency of chitosan was above 90% as correlated with measured TOC values. When incorporated
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