PAPERmaking! FROM THE PUBLISHERS OF PAPER TECHNOLOGY Volume 4, Number 2, 2018
3-D PRINTING 3D printing using plant-derived cellulose and its derivatives: A review, Lei Dai et al, Carbohydrate Polymers , Vol.203. Three-dimensional (3D) printing is classified as a revolutionary, disruptive manufacturing technology. Cellulose (the most abundant natural polymer) and its many derivatives have been widely studied for many applications. The combination of 3D printing with cellulose-based feedstocks is therefore of critical interest. This review highlights many studies on 3D printing applications of plant-derived cellulose and its derivatives. Potential materials include cellulose ethers/esters, microcrystalline cellulose, nanocellulosic materials, and other products. It focuses on their roles and functions in 3D printing processes and the performance of the resultant printed objects. The outlook for future work is also provided, to underscore critical issues and opportunities. Selective Recrystallization of Cellulose Composite Powders and Microstructure Creation through 3D Binder Jetting, Sonia Holland et al, Carbohydrate Polymers , online. Binder jetting is an additive manufacturing technique in which powdered material is sequentially laid down and printed on by an ink binder, in a selective manner, to form a 3D object. Unfortunately work in this area relevant to food materials is largely unpublished, however a typical application of this technique is sugar powder bound by a water and alcohol based ink with optional colour or flavour demonstrated by commercial ventures. In this work we demonstrate the use of a small scale powder layering device under an ink jet printer to test prototype powders prior to producing quantities typically used in commercially available binder jetting machines. Powders comprising predominantly of ball milled, amorphous cellulose were successfully used to create 3D structures when interacting polysaccharides were present in the ink (xanthan gum) and as a proportion of the powder component (glucomannan) by inducing selective recrystallization. These ingredients are categorized as dietary fibre, thus such formulations can be used to create low-calorie 3D printed food designs to be used within food products. Current advances and future perspectives of 3D printing natural-derived biopolymers, Jun Liu et al, Carbohydrate Polymers , online. 3D printing enables the complex or customized structures production in high speed and resolution. However, the lack of bio-based materials with user-defined biochemical and mechanical property is a significant barrier that limits the widespread adoption of 3D printing for products fabrication. This paper reviews the state-of-the-art in terms of 3D printing technology using natural-derived feedstocks, including lignocellulose, starch, algae, and chitosan-based biopolymers. Special consideration is given to the development of lignocellulosic materials, i.e. cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and their derivatives as 3D printing feedstocks. It serves as guideline aiming to explore natural-derived biopolymers as novel feedstocks for different 3D printing technologies that will be potentially applied in various areas. 3D printing with cellulose materials, Qianqian Wang et al, Cellulose , Vol.25 (8). This critical review focuses specifically on the development and assessment of cellulose materials for 3D printing. A special focus was paid on extrusion based 3D printing. Detailed examinations of cellulose hydrogel rheology, fibre entanglement, fibre alignment, gelation, printability, shape fidelity, cell viability and processing parameters in extrusion based 3D printing are explored. The properties and performances of 3D printed cellulose constructs as well as their potential applications in the fields of medical, electronics, and smart textile are discussed. Finally, perspective and current important limitations of 3D printing with cellulose materials for advanced application are provided.
Technical Abstracts
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