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Kumar et al. J Environ Anal Toxicol ƗƢƜ
Journal of Environmental & Analytical Toxicology
ISSN: 2161-0525
Research Article Research Article
Open Access Open Access
Characterization and Isolation of Fungi for Removal of Color from Pulp and Paper Mill Effluent, Meerut (India) Rajesh Kumar 1 *, Rajdeo Kumar 1 , Ashish Chauhan 2 , Manoj Kumar 3 , Manish Kumar Goyal 2 and Thakur IS 1
1 School of Environment Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India 2 National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Mohali, India 3 Centre for Public Health, Punjab University, Chandigarh, India
Abstract ,QWKLVUHVHDUFKSDSHUXVHRIELRORJLFDODJHQWVIRUWKHWUHDWPHQWRIHIÀXHQWLVPRUHHQYLURQPHQWDOIULHQGO\DQGFDQ lead to the production of more value added products like biogas and compost etc. Pulp and paper mill is the major LQGXVWULDOKXELQRXUFRXQWU\7KHKHDY\GHPDQGIRUWKHSDSHUKHOSVLQVWHDG\H[SDQVLRQRISDSHULQGXVWULHV3XOSDQG paper industry is one of the largest and most notorious sources of industrial pollution. The Ministry of Environment and Forest, Govt. of India has categorized the pulp and paper industry as one of the twenty most polluting industries.
Keywords: Effluent; Pulp and paper; Biogas; Industry; Pollution Introduction India is one of the first ten industrialized countries in the world. We have good industrial infrastructure in core industries like chemicals, fertilizers, petroleum, pulp and paper mill and leather industries etc. Though three fourth volume of the waste water is generated from municipal sources, industrial waste water contribute over half of the pollution load and major portion of this originates from large and medium scale industries. Pulp and paper mill is the major industrial hub in our country. The heavy demand for the paper helps in steady expansion of paper industries. In 1951, there were 17 paper mills in country which producing 0.13 million tons paper per annum. The number has gone up to 406 in 2002 producing 1.9 million tons paper per annum. Pulp and paper mills are utilizing huge amount of lingo-cellulosic components of plants and using chemicals during manufacturing regarded as polluting industries because of huge amount of waste material enter into the environment. Pulp production from wood (10 6 metric tons day -1 worldwide) not only requires large amount of fresh water but also is responsible for the discharge of a considerable volume of effluents (200 m 3 / metric ton of pulp). Since the pulp production by plant materials corresponds to only about 40-50% of the original weight of the wood, these effluent are heavily loaded with organic material. Over 100 organic chemicals most of them chlorinated have been identified in spent bleaching liquor. These compounds are chlorinated lingnosulphonic acid, chlorinated resin acid, chlorinated phenol and chlorinated hydrocarbon. Although the pulp industry has made a considerable effort to reduce the residual organic matter but organic compounds generated during pulping and bleaching performed by using chlorine, chlorine dioxide and sometimes hydro chlorite formed recalcitrant xenobiotics which are not removed by treatment method [1-6]. Biological decolourisation methods use several classes of microorganism including bacteria, algae and fungi to degrade the polymeric lignin derived chromophoric material. Among these wood degrading white rot fungi have been shown to efficiently and completely degrade and metabolize lignin resulting in rapid decolourisation of the effluents. Schizopyllum commune , Tinctoporia borbonia , Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Trametes versicolor have been found to degrade lignin and metabolize it along with carbohydrates. Aspergillus niger with Trichoderma sp. one of the fungi are also capable of degrading lignin and decolourizing El stage effluent of hard wood pulp bleaching.
*Corresponding author: Rajesh Kumar, School of Environment Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi-110 067, India, Tel: +91-8591473231; E-mail: rajdeo.kumar@rediffmail.com Received August 10, 2015; Accepted September 28, 2015; Published October 04, 2015 Citation: Kumar R, Kumar R, Chauhan A, Kumar M, Goyal MK, et al. (2015) Characterization and Isolation of Fungi for Removal of Color from Pulp and Paper 0LOO(IÀXHQW0HHUXW ,QGLD -(QYLURQ$QDO7R[LFRO GRL 10.4172/2161- 0525.1000324 Copyright: © 2015 Kumar R, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Bacterial cultures have been marketed for decolonization or kraft mill effluent. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is capable of reducing kraft mill effluent color by 26-54% or more under aerobic conditions. Color was primarily removed by adsorption with little depolymerization. During microbial attack of lignin a number of sample aromatic compound like vanilic acid, p-hydroxy benzoic acid, ferulic acid, syringic acid and coniferaldehyde are produced. Profile of the pulp and paper industry in India The Pulp and paper industry is one of the largest and oldest industries in India. It has most notorious sources of industrial pollution. The Ministry of Environment and Forest, Govt. of India has categorized the pulp and paper industry as one of the twenty most polluting industries. The first paper mill was commissioned in 1812 in the eastern state of West Bengal. Today are about 406 pulp and paper industries with an annual installed capacity of 6.2 million tons. The capacity utilization is estimated at around 60-65% of the total installed capacity (Table 1). Pulp and paper industry and its status Worldwide pulp production from wood is 10 6 metric tons per day which is also responsible for the discharge of considerable volume of effluent (200 m 3 /metric tons). The world population used over 214 million tons of paper and board products in 1987 and all estimates show that paper consumption is going to increase in the seeable future. In India, it is about 288 pulp and paper mill which manufacture 27.5 × 10 5 tons of paper per year. Pulp and paper industry in India is quite old and it has an installed capacity of about 3.0 million ton per annum. The large paper mills with capacity greater than 55 tons per day and numbering 34 account for about 50 percent of total installed capacity.
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