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Conclusions
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unre- stricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Com- mons license, and indicate if changes were made.
A new paper material with antimicrobial activity was obtained as an alternative to materials containing silver NPs. The properties of the modified paper and refer- ence samples were assessed by measurements of pH, tensile strength, DP w and colour change. The antimi- crobial properties were established for the E. coli strain, used as a standard testing microorganism. The new paper material contains the faujasite mineral exchanged with silver cations, which is unique in that that it contains exclusively the cations bound to faujasite mostly in its voids. This was achieved by the elution procedure elaborated for the material, which utilised a strong chelating agent (Na 2 EDTA) that is unable to penetrate the faujasite voids due to the size of the molecule. The other materials of this kind described in the literature (LEE et al. 2006; Taniguchi et al. 2006) also contain silver oxide NPs, which are formed during ion exchange in zeolites. The new material shows greatly improved cellulose fibre quality in comparison with pure paper, and espe- cially with paper containing silver NPs, as can be inferred from the tensile strength measurements and DP mea- surements of cellulose in paper. This observation corre- sponds to the pH of the material, which is higher than that measured for paper with silver NPs. The visual properties of the new material with the silver-exchanged faujasite are also better, as can be judged from the results of natural and accelerated light ageing tests. Most importantly, the new material shows out- standing biocidal activity regarding Escherichia coli , typically used as a control strain of bacteria for antimicrobial tests. It must be emphasised that the reference paper sample with silver NPs showed no activity for this strain. The new paper material shows potential for use as a packaging material in applications that demand sorp- tive and antimicrobial properties. The information included in this paper is protected by Polish and EU patent applications (Łojewska et al. 2015). The research was performed within grant SPB 811/N-COST/2010/0 from National Science Centre, Poland. The National Science Centre, Poland - project No. 2016/23/B/ST8/02024 is also acknowledged for additional analyses. Acknowledgments
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