Top Curr Chem (Z) (2018) 376:3
Fig. 3 Holistic biorefinery model integrating biomass, biofuel, biomaterials and bioenergy cycle, based on green and sustainable technologies in the scope of bioeconomy and circular economy. Updated and expanded from [16, 17]
compounds that could be removed from the available renewable feedstocks requires another analytical approach, also connected to green chemistry [20, 21].
2 From Green to Sustainable Separation: Towards Holistic, Flexible, and Zero-Waste Biorefineries More recently, green extraction and purification have been presented as methods based on establishing processes that reduce energy consumption, using solvents and renewable materials, as well as ensuring a safe and high-quality fraction/product [22]. The aim of their application is to obtain natural products from industrial waste, which is considered a highly attractive initiative [23]. However, a more adequate term for such extraction and purification processes towards vanguard biorefineries could be sustainable separation, adding to the pre- vious green definition, the notion of innovation across all sectors that allows for
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