$SSOLHG7KHUPDO(QJLQHHULQJ ²
P.W. Gri ffi n et al.
Nomenclature
GB
Great Britain
GHG ‘ greenhouse ’ gas GOS (the UK) Government O ffi ce of Science H:P heat-to-power ratio I&C industrial and commercial ICT information and communications technology IEA International Energy Agency IOP Index of Production (ONS statistical bulletin) IPPC Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (EU reg- ulatory data) LA Low Action (scenario) NEI non-energy-intensive NG natural gas NP RES ‘ non-programmable ’ renewable energy sources ONS O ffi ce of National Statistics (for the UK) ORC organic Rankine cycle PRODCOM ‘ Production Communautaire ’ (Community Production – EU statistical database) PV (solar) photovoltaic (power generators) RA Reasonable Action (scenario) RA-CCS Reasonable Action together with Carbon Capture & Storage (scenario) RCUK Research Councils UK RT Radical Transition (scenario) SEC speci fi c energy consumption SIC (UK) Standard Industrial Classi fi cation SRF solid recovered fuel UED (the industrial) Usable Energy Database UK United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland UKERC UK Energy Research Centre
Abbreviations
BAT Best Available Technology BCE before the ‘ Common Era ’ BGS British Geological Survey BPT Best Practice Technology CCA Climate Change Agreements CCL Climate Change Levy CCS Carbon Capture and Storage CCU Carbon Capture and Utilisation CE (in the) ‘ Common Era ’ CEPI CHP Combined Heat and Power CPI
Confederation of European Paper Industries
Confederation of Paper Industries (in the UK)
CT (the UK) Carbon Trust DECC (the former UK) Department of Energy and Climate Change DNO Distribution Network Operator DSF Demand-Side Flexibility DSP Demand Side Participation DSR Demand Side Response DUKES Digest of United Kingdom Energy Statistics (annual) ECN Energy research Centre of the Netherlands ECUK Energy Consumption in the UK (DECC annual statistical publication) EI energy-intensive EU European Union EU-ETS EU Emissions Trading Scheme
Fig. 1. Final UK energy demand by industrial subsector and end-use. Source: Norman [3].
and arguably cheaper for the businesses concerned).
consist of some 350 separate combinations of sub-sectors, devices and technologies [4,5]. Nevertheless, it is the only end-use energy demand sector in the UK that has experienced a signi fi cant fall of roughly 60% in fi nal energy consumption over the period 1970 – 2015 [1]. This was in spite of a rise of over 40% in industrial output in value added terms. However, the aggregate reduction in energy intensity (MJ/£ of gross value added) fell by 38 per cent during 1990 – 2015 [1], but this masks several di ff erent underlying causes: end-use e ffi ciency {accounting for around 80% of the fall in industrial energy intensity; largely induced by the price mechanism [4,5]); structural changes in industry [a move away from energy-intensive (EI) industries towards non-energy-intensive (NEI) ones, including services [4,5]}; and fuel switching (from coal and oil to natural gas and electricity that are cleaner, more readily controllable,
1.2. The issues considered
The present study builds on work by Dyer et al. [4], commissioned by the UK Government O ffi ce of Science (GOS), Hammond and Norman [6], and on a recent ‘ Advanced Review ’ by Gri ffi n et al. [7]. In each case, a variety of assessment techniques for determining potential en- ergy use and ‘ greenhouse gas ’ (GHG) reductions were discussed. Gri ffi n et al. [7] then evaluated the wider UK industrial landscape with the aid of decomposition analysis [8] in order to identify the factors that have led to energy and carbon savings over recent decades. They conse- quently assessed the improvement potential in two sectors: ‘ Cement ’
Made with FlippingBook Ebook Creator