Top Curr Chem (Z) (2018) 376:3
Fig. 4 Number of publications per year focusing on green and sustainable separation (extraction, frac- tionation and purification) of natural products from waste (ISIS Web of Knowledge, January 2006 to December 2017)
contemporary sectors, promoting human and environmental health instead of gen- eral and old-fashioned remediation [19, 38]. As a result, new applications for food, nutraceutical, and agricultural sectors have been further explored, based on their advantageous properties as natural colorants, flavors, aromas, antioxidants, antifun- gals, bioformulations (bio-pesticides) or simply their use as precursors to generate other compounds for similar uses. Some details related to patents, (non-) clinical trials, sustainable indicators, scaling-up, regulatory, agro-industrial variability and availability, traceability, seasonality, good laboratory and manufacturing practices, additional economical and marketing issues have also been discussed. Table 1 presents the research papers and reviews published during this period, highlighting their main focus, the green or sustainable techniques/approaches adopted, raw materials (mostly agro-industrial waste) and target compounds stud- ied. The most common raw materials described as chemical feedstocks were waste derived from plants, for instance, food, mainly fruits (citrus, mango, papaya, grape, passiflora, banana, tomato, olive), grains (corn, soybean, sunflower, coffee) and other abundant materials (sugarcane bagasse, tea, wood bark, rice and wheat straw). Additional issues that affect the quality of the final products were also discussed, namely the procedure used for waste collection, selection, storage, drying, matrix characteristics (particle size, shape, specific surface area and porosity). The lat- ter aspects play an important role in extraction efficiency due to the mass and heat transfer processes. Understanding the nature of raw material is crucial to avoid nega- tive influences impacting the quality and yield during the removal of the target com- pounds, e.g., caused by co-extracted contaminants or due to the presence of some
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