PAPERmaking! Vol4 Nr1 2018

5/9 Copyright: ©2018 Mukherjee et al.

Present Status and Development of Algal Pulp for Hand-Made Paper Making Technology: A Review

For a basis weight of 60 g/m2, 90% opacity was observed ‹ ’—Ž’•Š‡‡–• ƒ†‡ ˆ”‘ ”‡† ƒŽ‰ƒ‡ ϐ‹„‡”• ™Š‡”‡ƒ• ™‘‘† ϐ‹„‡”• gave 70-80% opacity [91]. Previous work includes addition of ‘– Š– Š‡ ‡•”‘ ϐŽ ‹‡„ •” ‡‘ —•”‘ —‡” ‘‡ˆ •ϐ ‹–„‘” ‡ƒ Ž ƒ‰ Žƒ–ŽŠ ’‘ —— Ž‰’Š „ —Š–‡ –Š ‹‹ • ƒ‹ Ž ˜„ ‡Ž ‡ƒ– ‹ ‘Š‹  —‰ • ™‡ †‹ – ƒŠ Ž ‰‘ƒœ‡‘ ƒ ‡•  omre ct hh ol odr ionfe paunl pd pa rc oi dd/uacl tki aolni turseiantgmae nc to mwba isn ea mt i opnl ooy fe dp.hTy shiecrael ai sn da c( Jhaepma ni ceasl et r ePaa tt me netn tPor fo va ins gi oi onsapl e rPmu b, sl iuc ca ht i oans BNr ao z. i l1i a3n1 9w/a1t 9e r8w0 e eodr 5 ir 5 ra -1 d 3 ia 1 t 9 io ). n A o n r o c t h h e e m r ic m al et t h re o a d tm d e e n s t cr o ib f e U s lo b th le r a ix ch [8 in 7 g ], t H h y r d o r u o g d h ic l t i y g o h n t [92] and Tribonema [89], and freshwater algae, such as blue algae, ›‡ŽŽ‘™ϐŽƒ‰‡ŽŽ‘—•’Žƒ–ǡƒ†ŠŽ‘”‘’Š›–ƒȏͻ͵Ȑƒ†’”‘†— –‹‘‘ˆ pp ua pl pe r( Jsahpeaent e ss ien gPlayt eonrt bPyr omv ii sxiionng a tl hPeus be l iwc ai tthi o no t hNeor. 5m2a0t /e 1r i9a8l s9 f oo rr 54- C 5 a 2 r 0 d ) b . oard and paper manufacture from Sea weeds have also bR ee es en a rr ce hp oI rntce, dU (SU–S Opwa tnesn ta 1p 3a 6t e7n2t 7e d9 pa rnodc eUs Ss 1f 6o 7r 5t h2 e4 4p)r. oPdeugcat si ouns oe lf epgua lnps )a [n9d4 p, 9a5p]e, “r Pml aandt ep af rcokm” f uRne dd eAdl bg ay et h( eG Er aucriol aprei aa na Cn od mG me l ii sdsi ui omn ȋʹͲͳʹǦʹͲͳͶȌǡ™ƒ•ƒ’”‘Œ‡ –—†‡”–ƒ‡–‘”‡’Žƒ ‡ ‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽ pc aert dr obloeaurmd do er r ipvaepde wr awx iet sh aan ds upsot layi mn aebr lse ,a se cf oo o- fdr i- epna dc kl y c fooaot di n- gp sa ci nk coaDtienvgemloaptmereinalt dinertiveermd fsroomf ssuesatwaieneadb.le technology for manual pa ahpaenr ds- ho pe ee tr apt reeds shiyndgr awual isc upnrde es sr t da ke es ing. n(eFdi giunr eo u1r) l da be mo roant os rt rya tf oe sr tchhea mp rbeesrs/i np gl a ot ef hha andd - mh eaadtei npga pceori l ss h el ient ks emd a dt oe f rt ho em tael gmape e. rUapt pu er er cLoonwt er or lcl ehra me nbaebr lwe da swa i tsht a itnelme spsesrtaeteulr pe l artaen sglei g ho ft l y5 0l aºrCg etro t h1a7n0 ºAC4. si ni zseu lpaat ipoenr. aHneda tsi an fge tcyo ial ss wweerte pnaopt esre ts hi ne et thse wl oewr ee rt op l ba tee pt ol a ec ends uor ne thisTphleatleo.wer plate could be hand-pulled on the water drainage ca hd av ma nbt ea rg e t oo f tf ahcei lci thaat me bsehre we ta sl otahdaitnigt caonudl d ucno ll ol eacdt i na ng .y Ar ensoi dt huearl water that might drip from the paper sheets after pressing. The

›†”ƒ—Ž‹ –ƒŠƒ†ƒƒ’‡”–—”‡ƒ–‹–•„ƒ•‡ˆ‘”ƒ†Œ—•–‡–‘ˆ tahpee rht aunr ed mp uomv epd. Rt ho et a ltoi owne or f ptlha et ep uu pm pf o ra npt ri -ecsl soicnkgw. iAs ne t wi c li ot hc iknwtihs ee mp l ao tvee md oewn tn oi fn haa snmd -opout mh ph ywd irtahui nl i ct hmeoavpe emr et unrt e. 5b0r osuhgehe tt st hc eo ul ol dwbe er p p r r e e s s s s e . d at a time with a maximum pressure load of 5 tons in this

Suitability of Algae Pulp as An Alternative to Conventional Pulp Ververis et al. [95], attributed presence of proteins and chitin ‹ƒŽ‰ƒ‡ƒ•ˆƒ –‘”•”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ˆ‘”•‹‰‹ϐ‹ ƒ–‹’”‘˜‡‡–‹ mc oencvheannt ii coanla lppr ou pl pe r( tCi Pe s) [o9f6 ]p, aaps eprr ef sr eo nmt e da l gi na e( T(aAb )l e c2o)m. Aplat hr eodu gtho, bo fr irgahwt nme sast we rai as l as dwv ea rs s 4e 5l y%a f fl oe cwt ee dr tbhyacnh tl oh raot pohf ycl ol innv ae lngtai oe ;ntahl epcuol ps t. ††‹–‹‘‘ˆ‡˜‡”Ǧ†”‹‡†Š‘†‘’Š›–ƒƒŽ‰ƒ‡ϐ‹„‡”•–‘’”‘˜‹†‡† pwui tl ph smhienei mt s awl idt eh t ei mr i po rr oa vt ieodn tienn Cs ial ne aadni da nb us trasnt ds at rrednfgrtehe np er os sp e( >r t2i e0 s0, ml). Figure 1: A simple hand-operated Hydraulic press designed in our lab for pressing of hand-made paper sheets from algae.

Table 2: Comparative evaluation of paper strength properties of conventional pulp versus algal pulp as cited in literature. Paper Pulp Breaking Length (Km) Bursting Strength (KPa m 2 /g) Tear Resistance (mN m 2 /g) Brightness (%)

References

Conventional pulp 1.63

0.75 1.7 1.8

97 106

85 60

[96] [97,98]

Algae Closterium

2.5 5

45 times folding endurance 75 ͳͲΨ ”‡† ƒŽ‰ƒ‡ ϐ‹„‡”• ƒ††‡† –‘ ͹Ͳ Ψ  Šƒ”†™‘‘† ’—Ž’ r1e. 7s 5u l tKe Pd a i; nwah et er enas si l e2 0i n%d erxe do f a 2l g9a. e8 7p uNl *pmw/ igt haonudt Ba nu yr s ht ai rnddwe xo oodf ϐ‹„‡”•„—–ͺͲΨ•–”ƒ™’—Ž’‰ƒ˜‡ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ„Ž‡‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†–‡•‹Ž‡ ient daelx. [o1f0 52 8] , . 1a0l s oN *dme m/ go na sntdr a Bt eudr smt ai nr kdeedx iomf p3r. o0 v2e mK Pe an t [ 1i n0 1C]P. Sohni a ro d b d u it s i t o u n m, o f Ge G li e d l i i u d m ium chi c le o n rn se e , um an , d G G e e li l d id iu iu m m a a m sp a e n r s u i m i, G p e u l l i p d : iu C m P

A pulp sheet comprising 30 weight percent never-dried ƒ ”‘ƒŽ‰ƒ‡’—Ž’ϐ‹„‡”•ǡŠƒ†‘‹•–—”‡ ‘–‡–Ž‡••–Šƒƒ„‘—–ͳͷ pmeertceern ta, nad baans i Ms Dw eTi ge hn ts i ol ef aI nt dl ee xa sot fa 1b 0o u- 4t 01 5N0mg/rga m[ 9s9 ]p. eBr rseqauk ai nr ge length of red algae pulp (4.75 Km) sheets were found to be •‹‹Žƒ”–‘ƒ†‡ˆ”‘ ƒŒ‹ϐ‹„‡”•ȋͶǤ͸ͷȌ™‹–Šƒ”‡† improvements in brightness for red algae pulp (35sec) compared –‘ ƒŒ‹ȋ͵•‡ ȌȏͳͲͲȐǤ

Citation: —Š‡”Œ‡‡ǡ‡•Š”‹ ȋʹͲͳͺȌ”‡•‡––ƒ–—•ƒ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆŽ‰ƒŽ—Ž’ˆ‘” ƒ†Ǧƒ†‡ƒ’‡”ƒ‹‰‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ǣ‡˜‹‡™Ǥ†˜Žƒ–• Agric Res 8(1): 00284. DOI: 10.15406/apar.2018.08.00284

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