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PEER-REVIEWED ARTICLE
600, 425 to 600, 180 to 250, 106 to 180, < 74, or 600 to 1700 P m PW. DDGS-PW composites were subjected to 185 °C under 5.6 MPa pressure for 12 min. The influence of mold pressure on DDGS-PW composites was tested on composites composed of 80 g DDGS and 40 g of PW consisting of < 600 P m particles and 40 g of PW consisting of 600 to 1700 um particles. DDGS-PW composites were fabricated at a temperature of 185°C for 12 min using a pressure of 2.1, 2.8, 4.2, or 5.6 MPa. To compare DDGS to PRO, 15, 25, 50, 75, and 100%, mixtures of DDGS or PRO were mixed with the balance of PW consisting of equal amounts of 74 to 600 P m particles and 600 to 1700 um particles. DDGS-PW and PRO-PW composites were subjected to 185 °C temperature under 5.6 MPa pressure for 12 min. FTIR FTIR spectra were measured on an ABB Arid Zone FT-IR spectrometer (ABB, Houston, TX, USA) equipped with a DTGS detector. Test samples were transparent discs that consisted of 1.00 mg solids homogenized with 300 mg of dry spectronic grade KBr, placed in a KBr die, and compressed at 24,000 psi using a Carver press. Absorbance spectra were acquired at 4 cm -1 resolution and signal-averaged over 32 scans. Interferograms were Fourier transformed using cosine apodization for optimum linear response. Spectra were baseline corrected and adjusted for mass differences and normalized to the methylene peak at 2927 cm -1 . DSC and TGA DSC experiments were performed in duplicate on a TA Instruments DSC, Model Q2000 with refrigerated cooling system (New Castle, DE). Calibration was done without a pan for baseline and with indium for temperature. Samples (9 to 10 mg) were added in Tzero aluminum pans and press sealed (non-hermetic). The DSC was purged with dry nitrogen at 50 mL/min. The sample was equilibrated at -60 °C, then heated to 190 °C at 10 ºC . min -1 , and this heating cycle was repeated twice. TGA experiments were conducted in duplicate with a Model Q50 TGA (TA instruments, New Castle, DE, USA) under nitrogen with 60 mL/min flow rate. An approximately 10 mg sample was placed on a platinum sample pan, and the pan was loaded with the autosampler. The sample was heated at 10 °C/min from 25 °C to 800 °C. TA Universal Analysis software was used to analyze the results. XRD XRD analysis was employed to assess the morphological properties of ingredients and composites. X-ray diffraction spectra analyses were performed using a Bruker D2 Phaser (Bruker AXS Inc., Billerica, MA, USA) X-ray diffractometer. The X-ray source was Cu- Kα radiation at a current of 10 mA and 30kV, set up using ș / ș geometry. Samples were scanned at 10 to 90°, 2 ș , step size 0.01°, 0.2 s/step, and stage rotation of 10 rpm. Initial divergence slit size was 0.6 mm and a 1 mm air scatter screen was used above the sample. A Lynxeye™ detector was used with a 2.5° Soller slit and a Ni - Kβ filter. SEM Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was conducted at Fort Valley State University, Fort Valley, GA, USA. Samples were mounted on Hitachi aluminum specimen mounts M4, ø15 x 6 mm, (Ted Pella, Inc., Redding, CA, USA) using double
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Tisserat et al . (2018). “DDGS - PW fiberboards” B io R esources 13(2), 2678-2701.
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