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PEER-REVIEWED ARTICLE
thermoset composite. This result indicated that in addition to the fact that 50DDGS-PW contained only 50% DDGS, there may have been physical changes in DDGS during the composite-making process. The physical change such as the interface of DDGS molecules with PW particles may have been one of the possible reasons for the increased strength of 50DDGS-PW over 100DDGS (which will be discussed later), since there were no substantial chemical reactions evident between DDGS and PW as observed in FT-IR spectra.
Fig. 2 . DSC of ingredients (a) DDGS and (c) PW and bio-composites (b) 100DDGS and (d) 50DDGS-PW The TGA analysis confirmed water evaporation from both ingredients and composites was initiated around 100 °C (Fig. 3). DDGS further lost weight starting around 140 °C, while PW did not begin substantial weight loss until the temperature reached 210 °C. Beyond 210 °C, all four samples exhibited remarkable weight loss due to decomposition. This indicated that such process temperatures should have been avoided because of detrimental damage to the composites. However, there should be a certain temperature and enough incubation time for the physical changes required for interfacing of the DDGS molecules with PW particles to occur in order to obtain optimized strength of the composite. Process temperatures that are too high or process times that are too long could cause excessive thermal decomposition of the composite resulting in lower strength. This will be discussed further in a later section.
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Tisserat et al . (2018). “DDGS - PW fiberboards” B io R esources 13(2), 2678-2701.
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