Egyptian Journal of Petroleum xxx (2017) xxx–xxx
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Egyptian Journal of Petroleum
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Full Length Article Characterizations of El Minia limestone for manufacturing paper filler and coating q Gaber M.A. Wahab
Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute, Exploration Department, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
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a b s t r a c t
Article history: Received 7 September 2016
This study introduces a contribution of using the El Minia carbonate filler pigment for paper making. El Minia limestone samples were grind to very fine powder ranging from 2 to 10 l m, for utilization in paper filler/coating industry, with using testing techniques; X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The limestone assessment includes more examinations to confirm the suitability of studied samples for alkaline paper manufacture such as, chemical analysis and physical properties, brightness, refractive index, oil & water absorption, moisture content, water soluble, surface area and soundness tests as per paper industry standards. 2017 Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Revised 20 June 2017 Accepted 12 July 2017 Available online xxxx
Keywords: Calcium carbonate Paper filler El Minia Inorganic pigment
1. Introduction
There are different grades of paper used for many purposes, for example: coated, uncoated, bond, note book, offset, index, news- print, computer, copier, gloss, picture and inkjet papers. The main types of mineral filler for acid papers are talc, hydrous kaolin, calcined kaolin, precipitated silica’s /silicates (PSS), and tita- nium dioxide. For neutral/alkaline papers, talc, hydrous kaolin, cal- cined kaolin, PSS, titanium dioxide, ground calcium carbonate (GCC), and precipitate calcium carbonate (PCC) are used. The esti- mated productions of some types of paper and paperboard in 2008 were illustrated in (Fig. 1). Kaolin, calcium carbonate (GCC and PCC), and talc are the most widely used mineral fillers, with regional variations depending on local resources available (Fig. 2). Filler pigments must have a high degree of whiteness, a high index of refraction, small particle size, low solubility in water, and low specific gravity. It is also important that the filler be chemically inert to avoid reactions with other components in the sheet and in the papermaking system. The filler should contain a minimum of impurities, and the grit content must be low to avoid excessive wear of the wire and other processing equipment such as cutting blades. Furthermore, unless the filler has very unusual properties, it must be inexpensive [1–6] The annual Egyptian production of paper in Egypt about 150,000 tons while the domestic consumption about 650,000 tons, to compensate the difference between production and consump- tion, there is a large import quantities cost a lot of hard currencies. The percentage of filler used to produce different types of paper products are indicated in Table 1. There are many Egyptian companies for paper making, the most important production companies rankled as annual production is
Calcium carbonate ‘‘CaCO3”, is one of the most important and useful materials in many industries. It is extremely common and found throughout the world in sedimentary rocks. It comprises more than 4% of the earth’s crust. Calcium carbonates natural forms are chalk and limestone, produced by the sedimentation of the shells of small fossilized snails, shellfish, and coral over mil- lions of years. Although all three forms are identical in chemical terms, they differ in many other respects, including purity, white- ness, thickness and homogeneity. The paper industry uses limestone-based product to manufac- ture fillers and coating pigments. Calcium carbonate pigment is used for filling and coating, for example in making of printing papers and board. CaCO3 valued worldwide for high brightness and light scattering characteristics, as well as it is used as an inex- pensive filler to make bright opaque paper. Also it helps to produce papers with high whiteness and gloss and good printing properties. In 2008, world production of paper and paperboard was 380 million tons according to Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Over 90% of paper and paperboard is produced in Asia, Eur- ope and North America. Asia is the biggest producer with 34% of all production and Europe and North America are trailing with 30% and 29% respectively.
Peer review under responsibility of Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute. E-mail address: Mgaber01@hotmail.com
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpe.2017.07.007 1110-0621/ 2017 Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Please cite this article in press as: M.A.W. Gaber, Characterizations of El Minia limestone for manufacturing paper filler and coating, Egypt. J. Petrol. (2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpe.2017.07.007
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