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M.A.W. Gaber / Egyptian Journal of Petroleum xxx (2017) xxx–xxx
a- Outcrop of limestone
b- Quarry of chalky limestone
c- Cutting of limestone building blocks
d- location of limestone quarry's
Fig. 3. Field photos showing outcrop and quarry of pure limestone at El Minia East Nile Valley.
4.1. Specific gravity
Table 2 Properties standard limits of Kaolin, PCC and GCC fillers used in paper manufacture.
The representative samples of limestone measured according to [13] and the results are ranging from 2.6 to 2.7 g/cm 3 as indicated in Table 4. , as per standard the low specific gravity is preferred for paper manufacture.
Property
Kaolin
PCC
GCC
Brightness Particle size
80 85%
90–97%
> 90–96%
2 l m
Manufacture fine high at high load
Required grinding
Opacity
Excellent
Moderate at high load
4.2. Oil absorption
Loading level
20–30%
Limited to 20% 20–30%
The test were carried out using linseed oil mixed with carbonate powder and the specific paste obtained at the ratio of oil quantity is ranging from 32 to 36 g/100 g (g of oil/g of powder), as per [14,15].
Sheet strength Good
Moderate
Excellent
Bulking
Moderate
Good High
Good
Absorption Chemical
Low Inert
Low
Unstable in acid
Unstable in acid
reactivity
4.3. Moisture content
Flexibility
Filler/Coating Mainly filler
Alkaline - filler/coating
Processing
Extensive
Energy extensive
Grinding/sizing
The moisture content of limestone powder was determined at 105 C and the results ranging from 0.05 to 0.07% and considered low percentage moisture according to [16].
Availability
Restricted
Satellite plants Geologically plentiful
Price
Low (N. America)
Based on cost
Low (Europe)
4.4. Particle size
Calcium carbonate pigments for paper making occurs in the form of a fine powder or lumps by using crushing equipment’s was ground to very fine grains. The recommended size of lime- stone powder pigment shall be in limit of 2–10 l m as shown in (Fig. 4). The vast majority of particles are much smaller in size than 10 m m; there is some evidence that a mixture of particle sizes is desirable for increased durability, reduced absorption and reduced permeability of the film, also the particle size distribution graph (Fig. 5), showing that the 80% of analyzed sample is less than 10 l m in size.
Table 3 Brightness of El Minia calcium carbonate.
Limestone samples Brightness (z-direction) Sample 1 91 Sample 2 93.5 Sample 3 90.5 Sample 4 91.5
Please cite this article in press as: M.A.W. Gaber, Characterizations of El Minia limestone for manufacturing paper filler and coating, Egypt. J. Petrol. (2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpe.2017.07.007
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