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M.A.W. Gaber / Egyptian Journal of Petroleum xxx (2017) xxx–xxx
The XRD analysis of studied samples were collected from Samalout areas indicates that the calcite mineral is the most pre- dominant minerals of limestone ore with average ratio 99.5% as shown in (Figs. 8and 9). The XRD of Beni Khalid limestone (Fig. 10), shows that the sam- ples are composed mainly of calcite, the XRD results complies with chemical composition analysis that the CaCO3 is 99.30%.
[2] PPI magazine, 2015: filler loading in board and baking grades (www. risiinfo.com). [3] Mcllroy, Thad. 2008. The Future of paper. [online, referred to 14.5.2010] available:http://thefutureofpublishing.com/industries/the_future_of_paper. html. [4] CEPI, 2014: Pulp and paper industry ‘‘definitions and Concepts. [5] Wilson, Ian, 2008: filler and coating pigments for papermakers (online, referred to 14.5.2010), http://wakaolin.com. [6] Gaber, M.A.Wahab 2012: Evaluation of samalout and Beni khaled ‘‘Minia” limestone for producing paint extender pigment, Inventi rapid: chemical Engineering, 2013(1). [7] www.Masress.com/alalamalyoum, 2010: Egyptian paper manufacture report / 3874630. [8] S. Abdel Tawab, A Geotechnical Evaluation of Minia-Maghagha Area, Upper Egypt, J KA If: Eart: Sci. mi. 7 (1994) 143–157. [9] M. S. Abu El Ghar and A.W. Hussein, 2005: post-depositional changes of the lower-middle eocene limestones of the area between assiut and minia, west of the Nile valley, Egypt, first international conference on the geology of the tethys, Cairo university, november, 2005, p. [10] Alen. Raimo, Papermaking Science and Tehnology Book 4, Paper making chemistry. Jyvaskyla, Fapet Oy, 2007. [11] VTT Products and production, knowpap versio 11.0.VTT products and production, 2009 (Online, referred to 14.5.2010). [12] Robert W. Hagemeyer, Pigments for paper, TAPPI PRESS, 1997. [13] American standard for testing material, (D153): Standard test method for specific gravity of pigment, 1989. [14] American standard for testing material, (D 281): Oil absorption of pigments by spatula rub - out, 1989. [15] American standard for testing material, (D 234): Standard specification for linseed oil, 1991. [16] American standard for testing material, (D 280): Test methods for hygroscopic moisture (and other matter volatile under the test conditions) in pigments, 1987. [17] American standard for testing material, (E 70): Hydrogen ion concentration ‘‘ pH value”, 1990. [18] American standard for testing material, (D 2196): Matter soluble in water, 1987. [19] D.J. Harrison, Industrial minerals laboratory manual limestone, British Geological survey, report WG/29, 1992. [20] F. Michel, L. Courard, 2014: Particle size distribution of limestone fillers: granulometry and specific surface area investigations, Partic Sci Technol 32 (4) (2014) 334–340. [21] Dipl. Ing, H.Holik, 2013: Mineral fillers in paper making, published byWiely. [22] American Standard for Testing Material, (C- 88): standard test method for soundness of aggregates by use of sodium sulfate or magnesium sulfate, 1983.
4.17. Soundness test
Residues, impurities, contamination, can be coming from origin, processing the industrial mineral, transportation, and from other sources (run-ability in paper machine or coating or calendaring causes streaks and breaks, which are expensive) , the test was car- ried out according to [22] , and the obtained results are ranging from 10 to 12% loss of impurities, meanwhile the maximum stan- dard is 15%.
5. Conclusions
This study indicates some positive conclusions:
– Presence of huge outcrop calcium carbonate reserve in El Minia areas can be mined open cast with low cost. – El Mina limestone possesses high purity CaCO3 ‘‘99.65%” con- tent suitable for industrial purposes, further more paper filler/- coating pigment. – The calcium carbonate brightness reading ranging from 91 to 93.5% and suitable for paper pigment fillers. – The more investigation and cooperation with paper Manufac- ture Company for trial testing using local ores are required.
References
[1] Ana F. Lourenco et al., Improving paper mechanical properties using silica- modified ground calcium carbonate as filler, Bioresources 10 (4) (2015) 8312– 8324.
Please cite this article in press as: M.A.W. Gaber, Characterizations of El Minia limestone for manufacturing paper filler and coating, Egypt. J. Petrol. (2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpe.2017.07.007
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