PAPERmaking! FROM THE PUBLISHERS OF PAPER TECHNOLOGY Volume 5, Number 2, 2019
loaded RFC was investigated using a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model, with respect to moisture transport in the air and the corrugated fibreboard. Simulations included the effects of loading, defrost cycles, fruit respiration and transpiration. Results showed relatively low moisture content gradients in fibreboards through the stacked cartons under optimal shipping conditions. However, the initial activation of the RFC considerably accelerated the development of moisture content gradients in the cartons. Additionally, the most significant factor influencing spatial moisture gradients through the cartons was heat conduction from outside through the container wall. A technique to quantify morphological damage of the flute profile in the midplane of corrugated fibreboard, Mohamad Aiman Jamsari et al, Packaging Technology & Science , 32 (5), pp.213-226. This research presents a technique to quantify morphological damage to flutes in corrugated fibreboard (CFB). The method involves laser cutting thin samples and analysing digital images of the flute profiles. The surface profiles of creased CFB before and after laser cutting were measured using fringe projection and showed that the sample preparation does not significantly affect the flute profile. After imaging the laser cut samples, skeleton analysis was used to derive a digitised profile of the flute shape. To characterise the level of damage to the flute profile, a similarity factor (SF) was introduced to quantify the relative difference between test sample and reference flute profiles. Validation of this analysis technique was done by generating known images of flute profile with variations that include distortions that could occur to CFB. These images were then fed into the skeleton analysis, and the results were compared with the original profile. This comparison showed good agreement between the initial and skeleton Ǧ analysed flutes. A demonstration of the skeleton analysis on purposefully damaged actual CFB flute profiles shows that the SF reduces as the level of crushing increases, showing that the technique could be used to enumerate morphological damage to CFB during manufacture, conversion, and use. Experimental and numerical performance of corrugated fibreboard at different orientations under four Ǧ point bending test, Mohamad Aiman Jamsari et al, Packaging Technology and Science , 32 (11), pp.555-565. This paper presents experimental work, finite element (FE) model, and analytical solution for predicting the four Ǧ point bending on C Ǧ flute corrugated fibreboard (CFB) when oriented at different angles. The angles of the CFB samples used in this research study were 0° (cross Ǧ machine direction) and 30°, 45°, 60°, and 90° (machine direction). The CFB was assumed as an orthotropic shell element in the FE model and was validated by comparing the bending stiffness, maximum bending force, and failure formation from the experimental test. It was found in the experiment that the 90° sample had the highest bending stiffness with the lowest maximum bending force while the 0° sample had the opposite. An interesting finding was that the 30° and 45° samples improve the bending stiffness than does 0° without significantly affecting the maximum bending force. Both the FE model and analytical solution predicted the bending stiffness trend of the board from 0° to 90° with good agreement compared with experimental results. The maximum bending force in the FE model showed reasonable agreement with the experimental findings. The failure regions on the samples showed similar patterns in both experiments and the FE model. The accurate response in the FE model justify that it is a good tool to predict the bending behaviour of CFB.
Technical Abstracts
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