Cellulose
GmBH) and Unscrambler X (CAMO Software AS) software packages were used for spectra post-process- ing and data evaluation.
flow of materials between industries leads to creation of opportunities to use ‘‘waste’’ from one industry as a raw material for another (Cheshire 2016). In this case fit-for-purpose paper packaging containers are manu- factured by combining resources generated by pulp and paper with milling industries. Increasing the recycling and reuse rates of virgin wood fibres leads to increased availability of this resource for other use. However, any recycling round requires a certain amount of virgin paper input, usually from 20% to 95% (Villanueva and Wenzel 2007). Incorporation of cereal bran into packaging products allows minimiz- ing virgin wood fibre inputs while maintaining (or improving) the required properties. The set of expected product characteristics can be optimized by adjusting proportion of recycled fibres, virgin fibres and bran (Fig. 2). Moreover, it solves a costly disposal
Results and discussion
The overview of material flow representing manufac- turing of design-for-purpose packaging products is presented in Fig. 2. The transition from open loop to closed loop systems is important in order to assure sustainable use of resources and the economic viabil- ity of modern bio-based industries. Production of packaging containers proposed here allows valorisa- tion and utilization of waste generated during diverse industrial processes. This approach is in line with the industrial symbiosis concept, where studies regarding
forests products
paper products pulp & virgin fibers
food
NATURAL RESOURCES
MANUFACTURING
USE PHASE
CASCADE USE
Fig. 2 Scheme of materials flow for manufacturing materials of fit-for-purpose packaging containers
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