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thermal, or biological decomposition, converting the material mainly into carbon dioxide, biomass, and water (Andersson 2008). Table 1. Biodegradability Standards (Philp et al. 2013; Greene 2014)*
Final Disposal Compost
Standard
Description
AS 4736 -2006
Biodegradable plastics – biodegradable plastic suitable for composting and other microbial treatment
ASTM D5338 -98 Standard test method for determining aerobic biodegradation of plastic materials under controlled composting conditions ASTM D6002 -96 Standard guide for assessing the compostability of environmentally degradable plastics EN 13432 : 2000 Requirements for packaging recoverable through composting and biodegradation – test scheme and evaluation criteria for the final acceptance of packaging ISO 14855: 1999 Determination of the ultimate aerobic biodegradability and disintegration of plastic materials under controlled composting conditions – method by analysis of evolved carbon dioxide ASTM D5988 -03 Standard test method for determining aerobic biodegradation in soil of plastic materials or residual plastic material after composting
Compost
Compost
Compost
Compost
Soil
ISO 17556: 2003 Plastics – determination of the ultimate aerobic
Soil
biodegradability in soil by measuring the oxygen demand in a respirometer or the amount of carbon dioxide evolved
ASTM D6691-01 Standard test method for determining aerobic biodegradation of plastic materials in the marine environment by a defined microbial consortium ASTM D6692-01 Standard test method for determining biodegradability of radiolabeled polymeric plastic materials in seawater ISO 15314:2004 Methods for marine exposure ISO 16221:2001 Water-quality – guidance for the determination of biodegradability in the marine environment ISO 16221: 2001 Water quality — Guidance for determination of biodegradability in the marine environment
Marine
Marine
Marine
Marine
ISO 14851
Determination of the ultimate aerobic biodegradability of plastic materials in an aqueous medium - Method by measuring the oxygen demand in a closed respirometer Determination of the ultimate aerobic biodegradability of plastic materials in an aqueous medium -- Method by analysis of evolved carbon dioxide Standard specification for non-floating biodegradable plastics in the marine environment
Marine*
ISO 14852
Marine*
ASTM D7081
Marine*
Several publications are available on the topic of biodegradability standards (Müller 2005; Rudnik 2012; Philp et al. 2013). Among other issues, these publications describe the complexity of biodegradation process (Müller 2005; Rudnik 2012; Philp et al. 2013), including a comparison of different examination methods for polymer
5
Helanto et al. (2019). “ Bio-based barriers ,” B io R esources 14(2), Pg #s to be added.
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