PAPERmaking! g FROM THE PUBLISHERS OF PAPER TECHNOLOGY Volume 1, Number 1, 2015
INTRODUCTION Banknotes have been a part of commercial exchanges from the long past. Perhaps no other object has been in such frequent daily use within societies. But there has been an unfortunate lack of proper maintenance of Banknotes, which are a likely cause of many hygienic problems (Pinner and Teutsch 1996). Studies concerned with the recognition of pathogenic factors affecting Banknotes have shown that there are Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative Escherichia coli on 13% of coins and 42% of Banknotes in the US (Abrams and Waterman 1972). Also, investigations in China and Germany have shown that most microbes can remain viable on Banknotes for long periods and feed on the fatty materials that have accumulated on them (Zhang 1984). On the other hand, studies of Banknote contamination in Egypt have shown that 65% of the Banknotes were contaminated with intestinal bacteria (Dave 2005). Escherichia coli bacteria belong to a big and various family of bacteria, some species of which cause diseases such as diarrhoea, urinary channel infections, and respiratory conditions. This type of bacteria is one of the important factors of traveller’s diarrhoea. It has been reported that Escherichia coli bacteria was observed on 60% of Banknotes in butcheries, 10% in poultry shops, and 5% in fish food shops and confectioneries (Zarei et al . 2008). The other pathologic factor is the Staphylococcus aureus family. The toxin of this bacteria causes vertigo, diarrhoea, vomiting, skin infection, marrow infection, and blood infection (Leyinson et al . 2000). It was further reported that 55% of Banknotes in butcheries, 40% in ice-cream shops, 30% in bakeries, 25% in fast food establishments, and 10% in confectioneries were polluted with Staphylococcus aureus bacteria (Zarei et al . 2008). Due to pathogenic factors resistant against medications and antibiotics, it is difficult to effectively inhibit infectious diseases. Development of tolerance by bacteria against the available antibiotics is a serious problem affecting the general health. In this regard, nanotechnology opens new ways to fight and prevent diseases by confronting the problem at an atomic scale (Kermanshahi 2008). Among the best nanomaterials with antimicrobial properties, nano-metals that show high chemical activities by surface crystallographic structure are especially significant. Among these materials are products incorporating silver ions and silver-based compounds. Nanosilver particles have antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral properties, and antibacterial surfaces can be created by adding small amounts of this material; even a small quantity equates to many particles per unit area (Kermanshahi 2008). It has been found that a Nanosilver suspension was able to eliminate many of the recognised bacteria and even HIV viruses (Csreen et al . 2007). Nanosilver particles elliminate bacteria by closing up respiratory tracts and by affecting the metabolism and reproduction of the microorganism (Kelasen 2000). An investigation was performed on two materials, chitosan and Nanosilver particles to produce filter paper (Imani et al . 2011). Nanosilver particles were applied as negatively charged layers over the fibres (LBL). It was found that with increasing numbers of the layers, there were increases antibacterial properties, so that bacteria growth at eight layers of the mentioned materials, as measured by a turbidity test, reached to zero. Also, the antibacterial property of papers was assessed against five types of bacteria. The effects of different antibacterial materials were different. Chitosan showed a better effect on Basibs
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Article 3 – Hygiene (nanosilver)
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