PAPERmaking! g FROM THE PUBLISHERS OF PAPER TECHNOLOGY Volume 1, Number 1, 2015
(TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) can be applied for processes, feedstock, and products; x Chromatography (liquid and gas) - identification and quantification of organic compounds (volatile, semi-volatile, and non-volatile) and inorganic, polar, and nonpolar, such as sugars from cellulose and hemicellulose, and their products of conversion processes: high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) with refractive index, ultraviolet – visible, diode array, fluorescence, mass spectrometry, and light scattering detectors; gas chromatography (CG) with flame ionisation, thermal conductivity, electron conductivity, and mass spectrometry detectors can be applied for feedstock, processes monitoring, and quality control of products; x Spectroscopy and spectrometry - identification and quantification of organic and inorganic compounds or materials, polar and nonpolar, such as metals and by- products, by means of radiation interaction or radiation production: nuclear magnetic resonance, Fourier transform infrared, X-ray diffractometry and fluorescence, ultraviolet and visible spectrophotometry, atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), optical emission spectrometry can be applied for feedstock, process monitoring, and quality control of products; x Mass spectrometry - identification and quantification of organic compounds, by means of molecular fragmentation - can be applied for process monitoring, to verify the product purity, and for metabolic engineering approaches of plants to improve fractions content (e.g., cellulose); x Microscopy (e.g., scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy) - observation of surface atomic composition and disposition of biomass components (morphology) – are frequently used for lignocellulosic polymers (e.g., cellulose). Conclusion From the viewpoint of an analytical chemist, chemical analyses of lignocellulosic biomass can provide information about its constitution for feedstock usage in conversion processes, and information about its products, by-products (or co-products), and residues. Then, analytical chemistry as part of chemical sciences can contribute to a bioeconomy based on biomass use instead of non-renewable raw sources, as the oil, and an advance in biomass knowledge to develop the best uses of each source material. Reference Vaz Jr., S. (2014) “Analytical techniques for the chemical analysis of plant biomass and biomass products,” Analytical Methods 6, 8094-8105.
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Article 1 – Chemistry (biomass)
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