Fundamentals of Renewable Energy and Applications
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ISSN: 2090-4541
Research Article
Open Access
The Environmental Challenges of Biomass Utilisation for Combined Heat and Power Generation in a Paper Mill in Tanzania Sisty Basil Massawe 1* , AO Olorunnisola 2 and A. Adenikinju 3 1 Pan African University, Institute of Life and Earth Sciences (Including Health and Agriculture), University of Ibadan, Nigeria 2 Department of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, University of Ibadan, Nigeria 3 Department of Economics, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
Abstract Biomass-driven, combined heat and power (CHP) also known as co-generation plants are said to provide reliable, HI¿FLHQWFOHDQSRZHUDQGKHDWZRUOGZLGH+RZHYHULWLVNQRZQWKDWWKHXVHRIELRPDVVIRUHQHUJ\DSSOLFDWLRQVPD\ lead to land use competition, environmental degradation and food in-security. This study was therefore carried out at a Paper Mill and the seven surrounding villages with the aim of assessing the environmental challenge of wood biomass utilisation for CHP generation. 'DWDZHUHFROOHFWHGE\LQWHUYLHZLQJWHFKQLFDOVWDIIDWWKHSDSHUPLOO6DR+LOO3ODQWDWLRQ*RYHUQPHQWRI¿FLDOVIURP Ministry of energy and other energy regulatory bodies. A questionnaire was used to collect data from seven villages surrounding the paper mill while a check list was used to collect information on environmental management aspect within the paper mill departments. Descriptive Statistics was used in assessing environmental challenge of biomass use at the Paper Mill while a chi square was used also to establish the relationship and association between variables. Findings revealed that there were negative impacts on air quality, land use and water. The chi square test revealed WKDWWKHUHZDVQRVLJQL¿FDQWGLIIHUHQFH 2 =0.253 and p > 0.05) in having environmental problems and distance from Paper Mill. It was also observed that arable land which was needed to grow trees was becoming scarce affecting the sustainable supply of raw materials.
Keywords: Wood biomass resources; Cogeneration of electricity; Pulp and paper mill; Forestry; Environmental management
*Corresponding author: Sisty Basil Massawe, Pan African University, Institute of Life and Earth Sciences (Including Health and Agriculture), University of Ibadan, Nigeria, Tel: 234 703 126 3579; E-mail: stiba7@gmail.com Received November 10, 2015; Accepted January 01, 2016; Published January 04, 2016 Citation: Massawe SB, Olorunnisola AO, Adenikinju A (2016) The Environmental Challenges of Biomass Utilisation for Combined Heat and Power Generation in a Paper Mill in Tanzania. J Fundam Renewable Energy Appl 6: 202. doi:10.4172/2090- 4541.1000202 Copyright: © 2016 Massawe SB, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. of rural population where 80% of country’s population live and 37% of urban population) despite the fact that the country had very huge potential of renewable energy sources especially wood biomass. Tanzanian industries using wood or agricultural feedstock (e.g., sugar, tannin, and sisal) have been generating their own power from waste biomass materials. It is estimated that about 58 MW of such generation is taking place [11]. According to Gwang’ombe [9], the estimated co-generation potential in Tanzania was more than 315 GWh per year. This was 10.5% of the national electricity generation. Songela [7] asserts that the energy generation potential from excess bagasse in sugar mills was about 99 GWh per year which was 3.5% of the national electricity generation; Private sector has been leading in utilizing biomass to generate heat and power. The Paper Mill Combined Heat and Power Capacity The paper mill has two product lines; Line 1 for manufacturing 30,000 tons per annum of industrial packaging grades, Line 2 for manufacturing 30,000 tons per annum of graphic paper grades; newsprint, mechanical printing and wood free printing paper grades.
Introduction Biomass is a versatile raw material that can be used for production of heat, power, transport fuels, and bio-products. When generated and used on a sustainable basis, it is a carbon-neutral carrier that can make a large contribution to reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Currently, biomass accounts for about 10% of the total primary energy consumption in the world [1]. Despite the fact that traditional biomass in the form of wood fuel still remains a major source of bio energy; liquid biofuel and processed biomass production have shown rapid growth during the last decade [2]. Several studies including Dasappa et al., Smeets et al., Smeets et al. and Marrison et al. [3-6] have highlighted the potential for bio-energy production on the African continent. In Tanzania for example several studies [7-9], have been conducted on the use of sisal, charcoal, animal sludge and bagasse as raw materials for energy use and generation of electricity, But at the country level, the use of wood biomass residue have not received high attention in the context of specific assessments, associated environmental impacts as well as awareness on electricity generated despite the fact that wood biomass is currently contributing more than 11 MW of electricity to the national grid [10]. The Tanzanian energy demand is estimated at 22 million tonnes of oil equivalent (TOE) per annum or 0.7 TOE per capita. According to MEM-2013 [11], the quantitative distributions of the different energy sources to the energy balance were biomass fuels 90%, Petroleum 8%, electricity 1.2% and others less than 1% (including coal and renewable energy sources). These percentages show low per capita consumption of commercial energy (petroleum, coal and electricity) and relatively high dependence on biomass fuels in Tanzania. According to MFA-2011 [12], only 14% of the population had access to electricity (approximately 2%
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