Citation: Massawe SB, Olorunnisola AO, Adenikinju A (2016) The Environmental Challenges of Biomass Utilisation for Combined Heat and Power Generation in a Paper Mill in Tanzania. J Fundam Renewable Energy Appl 6: 202. doi:10.4172/2090-4541.1000202
Page 2 of 6 size is the bare minimum for a study in which statistical analysis is to be done while, Kumar [16], observes that a sample size of between 80 and 120 respondents is suitable for rigorous statistical analysis. Purposive sampling of the seven surrounding villages was done based on accessibility and proximity to the Mufindi Paper Mill site [17] as well as the wood plantations within a radius of 30 kilometres. Systematic sampling technique was used to select the required 106 households and from each, a household head or spouse to the household head was enumerated. A survey of the seven villages was conducted to determine the geographical location of the village as well as household distribution; therefore data was collected from every 5 th household in each of the seven villages. Primary data were collected using structured questionnaire containing both open and closed-ended questions on biomass utilization from the selected villages. Key informant interview was used to collect data from government officials and other stakeholders; these included Ministry of Energy and Minerals (MEM), National Environmental Management Council (NEMC), Rufiji Water Basin Authority - Iringa, Rural Energy Agency (REA), Tanzania forest services (TFS), Energy and Water Regulatory Authority (EWURA),Tanzania Traditional Energy Development and Environment Organization (TaTEDO ) and Tanzania Renewable energy Association (TAREA) and a checklist was used to collect data during Focus group discussion from various departments at the Paper mill. Quantitative data were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), while chi-square test was used to establish the relationship between socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents and their awareness of the cogeneration activities at the paper mill as well as environmental impacts. Results and Discussion Size of land owned by the villagers The size of land owned by respondents varied from one village to another and from one household to another, the study indicated that 70% of the respondents owned ≤ 10 hectares of land, 19.8% of the respondents owned 11-20 hectares while the remaining 9.4% of the respondents owned ≥ 21 hectares (Table 2). Land ownership was one of the crucial factors as the bigger the land the household possesses the more the income derived from agricultural activities and tree plantations. However, the presence of larger tree plantations and increase in tree product prices had led to not only increased land prices but, also land scarcity and land use related-conflicts [18] had argued that Sub-Saharan Africa, including Tanzania, would witness an a 8% increase in the total land use for wood fuel cultivation, offset by fall, incomes decline, and their ability to access food depreciate roughly 3.4% decrease in forested land and a 4.5% reduction in pastureland. In a rural area, like the study area, having the larger percentage of people owning less than 10 hectares of land is a typical sign that most of land is now under wood cultivation by larger companies. The findings also showed that due to increasing lack of sufficient land, the available natural forest had been encroached upon in opening new farms. Also, there had been frequently burning of existing larger plantations and this was associated with the increasing scarcity in land ownership by the villagers. The same argument had been canvassed by Narain et al. [19] who found that households with less land tend to perceive conservation programmes as a limitation to their subsistence needs and therefore are likely to have negative attitude toward conservation. Masozera [20], Reardon and Vostii [21] furthermore,
The production lines are integrated with a Chemical Pulp Mill (Kraft) with a designed capacity to produce 150 tons per day of unbleached chemical pulp, 80 tons per day of mechanical pulp; Chemical Recovery Plant for handling 320 tons per day dry black liquor solids and supplying 640 m 3 /day white Liquor to the Kraft Pulp Mill. Process heat and part of the electrical energy requirement are met through a captive co-generation plant comprising one (1) 10.5 MWe Extraction-Back Pressure Turbine, one (1) 60 Tonnes Per Hour (TPH), 45 bar of pressure, temperature of 450˚C, coal/Wood biomass fired Steam Boiler and one (1) 40 TPH, 45 bar, 450 ˚ C Chemical Recovery Boiler firing the dissolved organics from the Kraft Mill Spent Chemicals. The total electrical energy demand at optimum operating levels is at 25 MW, out of which, approximately 9.0 MW is met from the co-generation plant and the balance 16 MW drawn from the grid; TANESCO [13]. The objective of this study was to examine the environmental impacts of biomass utilisation for heat and power generation at a Paper Mill and also to identify available environmental management programmes. Paper Mill Raw Material Requirements Information collected from Paper Mills on their current wood raw material are as follows: Sufficiency of Wood Raw Material Requirements for Paper Mill Medium and Long Term Requirements Data collected from the paper mill indicated that, with first level upgrades on Paper Machine No.1, It had increased the installed rated capacity of Paper Machine No.1 of 30,000 FTPA, to a new level capacity of 54,545.50 FTPA from Year 2010/2011. Increase in the mill capacity means increase demand in the raw materials for both power plant and paper making. Paper Mill current projections on raw materials stands at. Materials and Methods This study was carried out at a paper mill and in the seven surrounding villages in southern highlands of Tanzania. The following sample determination formula based on Kothari [14] was used to generate a sample size to be used in this study. 2 Where: n =sample size in the study area when population > 10 000. z = Standard normal deviation, set at 1.96 (2.0 approximate) corresponding to the 95% confidence interval level. p = Proportion of the target population (50% if population is not known). q = 1.0 – p (1-50) (1-0.5) = 0.5 2 z pq n d (1) d = degree of accuracy desired, (set at the 95% equivalent to 0.05) Based on the above formula, the sample size for this study was supposed to be 384 respondents, but due to number of households which were at a distance of less than 30km from the paper mill 28% of the cases were selected for this study. Therefore, 106 respondents were selected to participate in the study, based on the fact that a sample of 30 respondents, according to Bailey [15] irrespective of the population
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