Citation: Massawe SB, Olorunnisola AO, Adenikinju A (2016) The Environmental Challenges of Biomass Utilisation for Combined Heat and Power Generation in a Paper Mill in Tanzania. J Fundam Renewable Energy Appl 6: 202. doi:10.4172/2090-4541.1000202
Page 5 of 6
25.0
Distance Distance Distance Distance Distance Distance
20.0
12
10
15.0
8
20.8
10.0
17.9
17.9
17.0
6
12.3
5.0
5.7
4
4.7
3.8
0.0
2
0
Not applicable
bad smell and cu ƫ ng of local trees
water pollu Ɵ on
bad smell
smoke
dust
Ashes
smoke,bad smell and ashes
Environmental problems
Figure : ffect of distance fro the paper ill on environ ental i pact. Figure 3: Effect of distance from the paper mill on environmental impact
Environmental Management programs
Figure 4: Environmental management programs.
Size of Land KHFWDUHV 11- 20hectres +HFWDUHV
Frequency (N)
Percent (%)
75 21 10
70.8 19.8
30.0
9.4
25.0
Total
106
100
20.0
Table 3: Size of land owned.
15.0
28.3
Distance from 0X¿QGLSDSHU mill
Chi- square value (x 2)
Environmental problems
P-value
21.7
10.0
19.8
18.9
Yes % No
%
5.0
< 6 km 6-17 km
25
75.8% 8
24.2% 19.4%
5.7
4.7
37 80.4% 9 21 77.8% 6
0.253 0.881
.9
0.0
solving of land use con Ň icts
increased environmental awareness
Not known tree plan Ɵ ng and decrease in Į re cases
increase in Water management ac Ɵ vi Ɵ es
decrease in forest burning cases
increase in tree plan Ɵ ng ac Ɵ vi Ɵ es
associated with the increased environmental management programmes as confirmed by 19% of all respondents (Figure 5). Despite these achievements there is still much to be done on improving the quality of the environment as well as solving the land use conflicts. Conclusion The focus of this paper was on the environmental challenge of wood biomass utilisation for energy cogeneration in one of the pa- per mill in Tanzania. The sustainability of wood biomass cogenera- tion will mostly depend on the awareness of the people; this is be- cause majority of villagers where this study was conducted were not aware of electricity generation at the mill. this lack of awareness in a way affected the raw material supply to the mill due to the fact that people are mostly planting trees for other uses than wood fuel such as for timber which takes up to 15 years before harvesting while if they were to plant for fuel purposes it would take them up to only 5 years and also increasing their income. The study also found that there are environmental problems being caused by Paper Mill, with direct impacts on the air quality, land use and water .Although some cases might need technical evaluation, numerous complaints from various stakeholders signifies the extent of the problem. Despite the presence of environmental programmes at the study area, their ef- fectiveness is also a matter of concern. In villages like Kitasengwa where fire prevention education has been preached every day and despite the presence of Sao hill plantation division office, fire cases have been occurring repeatedly. Also due to the fact that most pro- grams at village have been championed by the villagers themselves the financial and technical operation has always been a problem. > 17 km 22.2% Table 4 : Chi-square test of association between having environmental problems DQGGLVWDQFHIURP0X¿QGL3DSHU0LOO
EFFECTIVENESS OF AVAILABLE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMANT PROGARAMS
Figure 5: Effectiveness of available environmental management programs. Figure 5: Effectiveness of available environmental management programs.
Coughing of residents near the industry
36
34.0
Chest diseases
15
14.2
4 3 7
3.8 2.8 6.6
'\LQJRI¿VK
Crop diseases 'burning' Food contamination
Not known
34
32.1
4 3
3.8 2.8
,URQVKHHWUXVWÀXHDQGFRXJKLQJ burning of crops, dust, coughing
Total 100.0 Table 5: Effects of the environmental problems at the study area. 106
References 1. REN21 (2012) Renewables 2012: Global Status Report. 2. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) (2009) Towards sustainable production and use of resources: Assessing Biofuels. 3. Dasappa S (2010) Potential of biomass energy for electricity generation in sub- Saharan Africa. Energy Sustain Dev 15: 203-213. 4. Smeets E, Faaij A (2007) Bioenergy potentials from forestry in 2050 - An assessment of the drivers that determine the potentials. Climatic Change 8: 353-390. 5. Smeets E, Faaij A, Lewandowski I (2004) A quick scan of global bioenergy potentials to 2050. An analysis of the regional availability of biomass resources for export in relation to the underlying factors. Report NWS-E-2004-109, Utrecht University, Netherlands. 6. Marrison I, Larson ED (1996) A preliminary estimate of the biomass energy
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