Citation: 2Q\DQJR-&LDUDQ5 ,PSDFWRI8VHU%HKDYLRULQ2I¿FH%XLOGLQJRQ(QHUJ\5HGXFWLRQ6WUDWHJLHV,QQRYDWLYH(QHUJ\3ROLFLHV doi:10.4172/2090-5009.1000112
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indicated that people there are comfortable living in rooms with lower temperatures in comparison to other parts of the world. Another study of the high performances residential development by Ajzen [13] revealed that behavior had a significant impact on resource consumption within same housing type; suggesting that more attention needs to be given to behavior in comparison to intelligent physical systems than is currently done. Gram-Hanssen [14] concur pointing out that energy consumption in two different housing of same type and size can vary by up to three times or more, thus pointing to user behavior as ultimate The importance of the quality of feedback cannot be understated and it forms part of good management practices and structure within any organization and are critical in influencing positive energy usage behavior (TSB, 2009; MBEKTN, 2010) [15,16]. There are several metering technologies that have been adapted to measure energy usage in buildings, including a sub meter, an advanced meter and a smart meter. The first is normally location based and is used to obtain part of total energy load of the building; the second are placed in building but read remotely and at frequent intervals and can be placed within the main meter or sub meters with the capability to store and transmit readings every half hourly. The last type, the smart meters, allow for two way communication between the utility company and the consumer building, unlike the first two that are one way communication tools hence, is an intelligent metering technology. Sub-metering technology is cheaper, easy to use and allow for good energy management to take place and could potentially contribute to positive behavioral change of the users of the zone where energy is read if feedback is shared appropriately. Research Methodology game changer beyond efficient fabric. Metering technology and EMS This paper examines the use of existing sub metering technology in attempt to increase energy efficiency in a non-domestic building environment and whether the data gathered was used to effectively impact positively on the behavior of the energy user. Mixed methodology was used to evaluate data gathered from semi-structured interviews with three professionals involved with the design and control
of the energy management system and another questionnaire that was distributed to the users at the case study building. The questionnaire was based on Likert scale, giving the respondents five options to pick from in relation to the issues of feedback from sub-metering energy technologies in the building. The questions were arranged under three themes; working environment, working practices and Energy Management system as indicated in (Tables 1a-1c). Case Study: McClay Library at Queens University Belfast The £50 million McClay Library at Queens University Belfast was opened in 2009 and is located on the environs of the scenic Botanic Park on the University’s main campus, it is a four-story structure with a floor plan of 17,400 m 2 . It was the winner of the Most Sustainable Building in the 2010 Royal Institute of Chartered Surveyor’s (RICS) Awards Scheme. In addition, significant capital investment was spent with the intention of producing energy efficient building that included Building Management System controlled window openings to provide natural ventilation, and window blinds that work in tandem with the lighting controls adapted according to available daylight (Figure 3). Monitoring energy usage in the building is a key component in maintaining an efficient operational building environment with energy use target set within 140 kWh/m 2 /annum and emission of less than 1007 tons of CO 2 /per year. The building has sub metering technology to monitors gas and electricity consumption at quarter-hour intervals allowing the building manager to assess whether the building was on course to meeting the targets. In addition, the data center within the McClay is sub metered separately due to the large number of high- energy demand computer processes and other plant and hardware equipment (RICS, 2010) [17]. The metering data combined with the “footfall” i.e. number of people within the building at any one time, allows the identification of direct links between user behavior and energy usage allowing for opportunities to reduce energy load. A strategic response to this is the limiting of the opening hours on certain floors of the library or reducing the number of computers in operation at any one.
S1 7KHEXLOGLQJ V LQZKLFK\RXZRUNKDVKDYHEHHQGHVLJQHGLQDPDQQHUZKLFKSURPRWHVDQHQHUJ\HI¿FLHQWRXWORRNDPRQJLWVXVHUV S2 7KHDSSOLDQFHVWKDWDUHXVHGE\HPSOR\HHV HJFRPSXWHUVSULQWHUVHWF RQDGDLO\EDVLVDUHHQHUJ\HI¿FLHQWFDQEHVHWE\XVHUVWREHHQHUJ\HI¿FLHQWZLWKRXW affecting their level of performance. S3 7KHUHDUHDVXI¿FLHQWQXPEHURIQRWLFHVJXLGHVUHPLQGHUVUHJDUGVHQHUJ\HI¿FLHQWSUDFWLFHVZLWKLQWKHZRUNLQJHQYLURQPHQW LQFOXGLQJDSSOLDQFHV WRLQÀXHQFH the user so that they are conscious of their energy use. S4 <RXUHPSOR\HUSODFHVJUHDWYDOXHRQHQHUJ\HI¿FLHQF\ZLWKLQWKHZRUNSODFHDQGKDVLQYHVWHGVXI¿FLHQWUHVRXUFHVWRLPSOHPHQWHQHUJ\HI¿FLHQF\SROLF\ S5 <RXUHPSOR\HUKDVSURYLGHGVXI¿FLHQWDGGLWLRQDOWUDLQLQJDQGHGXFDWLRQUHJDUGVKRZWRLQWHUDFWZLWKDQ\HQHUJ\PDQDJHPHQWV\VWHPWHFKQRORJ\WKDWH[LVWVZLWKLQ this building (or others owned by your employer in which you work). S6 <RXUVXSHUYLVRUPDQDJHUVHWVDSRVLWLYHH[DPSOHLQWHUPVRIEHLQJÄHQHUJ\FRQVFLRXVெDQGDFWLYHO\SURPRWHVWKHEHQH¿WVRIEHLQJHQHUJ\HI¿FLHQW S7 You view your working environment as contributing positively to global efforts to mitigate the effects of climate change and/or your working environment is a SRVLWLYHH[DPSOHRIKRZQRQGRPHVWLFEXLOGLQJVFDQEHHQHUJ\HI¿FLHQWHQYLURQPHQWV S1 7KHEXLOGLQJ V LQZKLFK\RXZRUNKDVKDYHEHHQGHVLJQHGLQDPDQQHUZKLFKSURPRWHVDQHQHUJ\HI¿FLHQWRXWORRNDPRQJLWVXVHUV S2 7KHDSSOLDQFHVWKDWDUHXVHGE\HPSOR\HHV HJFRPSXWHUVSULQWHUVHWF RQDGDLO\EDVLVDUHHQHUJ\HI¿FLHQWFDQEHVHWE\XVHUVWREHHQHUJ\HI¿FLHQWZLWKRXW affecting their level of performance. S3 7KHUHDUHDVXI¿FLHQWQXPEHURIQRWLFHVJXLGHVUHPLQGHUVUHJDUGVHQHUJ\HI¿FLHQWSUDFWLFHVZLWKLQWKHZRUNLQJHQYLURQPHQW LQFOXGLQJDSSOLDQFHV WRLQÀXHQFHWKH user so that they are conscious of their energy use. S4 <RXUHPSOR\HUSODFHVJUHDWYDOXHRQHQHUJ\HI¿FLHQF\ZLWKLQWKHZRUNSODFHDQGKDVLQYHVWHGVXI¿FLHQWUHVRXUFHVWRLPSOHPHQWHQHUJ\HI¿FLHQF\SROLF\ S5 <RXUHPSOR\HUKDVSURYLGHGVXI¿FLHQWDGGLWLRQDOWUDLQLQJDQGHGXFDWLRQUHJDUGVKRZWRLQWHUDFWZLWKDQ\HQHUJ\PDQDJHPHQWV\VWHPWHFKQRORJ\WKDWH[LVWVZLWKLQ this building (or others owned by your employer in which you work). S6 <RXUVXSHUYLVRUPDQDJHUVHWVDSRVLWLYHH[DPSOHLQWHUPVRIEHLQJÄHQHUJ\FRQVFLRXVெDQGDFWLYHO\SURPRWHVWKHEHQH¿WVRIEHLQJHQHUJ\HI¿FLHQW S7 You view your working environment as contributing positively to global efforts to mitigate the effects of climate change and/or your working environment is a SRVLWLYHH[DPSOHRIKRZQRQGRPHVWLFEXLOGLQJVFDQEHHQHUJ\HI¿FLHQWHQYLURQPHQWV Table 1a: Statements of Working Environment.
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