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journal of materials research and technology 2022;20:4630 e 4658
Non-wood Alternative raw material Environmentally friendly
agricultural biomass, recycled wood waste, and by-products. In this review, the agricultural biomass used for particleboard production was classified into seven different groups based on the part of the plant which they are extracted from, i.e. straw, stalk, bagasse, seed/fruit, leaf, grass, and palms. Particleboards ' properties of these raw materials were also compared in terms of their mechanical parameters. The last part of this review concluded the challenges and future potential of using agricultural biomass and recycled wood waste. © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
States of America and Poland (Fig. 3). European countries were the largest particleboard importers (54.43%), followed by Asia (26.51%), Americas (15.89%), Africa (2.83%), and Oceania with only 0.34% (Fig. 4). In 2020, the total export volume of particleboard was esti- mated to be 21.97 million m 3 , where Thailand was the main exporter worldwide with 2.55 million m 3 (Fig. 5). As shown in Fig. 6, European countries are the largest particleboard ex- porters (69.95%), followed by Asia (19.28%) and the Americas (9.77%). Africa and Oceania exported a very small amount of particleboard in 2020, which amounted to 0.72% and 0.28%, respectively. The data shows that the countries with the highest pro- duction of boards are also the largest importers. The major raw materials used in particleboard production are wood chips acquired from forest thinning and timber waste [3]. Commonly, medium-sized and small-sized softwoods are the preferred wood species for particleboard production. Howev- er, an upward trend in the use of hardwood species has been observed in recent years in certain countries around the world [4]. However, the decreasing supply of timbers from natural forests made it difficult to meet the increasing future demand for particleboard. Furthermore, wood chip prices were re- ported to have increased up to 30% from 2006 to 2011 [5]. The price of the wood chips was reported to be around RM 300 per ton as of 2014, while the estimated price for the plant residues
1.
Introduction
Particleboard is an engineered wood product manufactured from wood chips bonded with a synthetic resin or another suitable binder under exposure to a hot press at certain pressure and temperature. Particleboard is one of the major wood-based products in global trade. Its global demand and production have seen an upward trend in recent years. Ac- cording to IMARC Group [1], the global market for particle- board reached a total value of 21 billion US dollars in 2020. The group anticipates a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.4% during the next six years. In 2020, the production quantity of particleboard reached 96.01 million m 3 worldwide (Fig. 1), which represents a decrease of 4.7% compared to the previous year (100.74 million m 3 ). Mainland China produced the highest quantity of parti- cleboard in 2020, amounting to 29.43 million m 3 in volume or 30.65% of the total production quantity worldwide. Several European countries such as Germany, Poland, Italy, Austria, and France are among the leading producers of particleboard. Asia is the largest producer of particleboard, followed by Europe, the Americas, Africa, and lastly, Oceania (Fig. 2). In 2020, the total import volume of particleboard was 22.04 millionm 3 . Germany was the largest particleboard importer with approximately 1.90 million m 3 , followed by the United
Fig. 1 e Global particleboard production quantity (m 3 ) in 2020 [2].
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