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journal of materials research and technology 2022;20:4630 e 4658
Fig. 2 e Particleboard production quantity by region in 2020 [2].
is at least 50% below the price of the wood chips [6]. Refores- tation woods such as Pinus spp. and Eucalyptus spp. are the most widely used for commercial particleboard manufacturing [7]. In Southeast Asia, rubber ( Hevea brasiliensis ) and sengon wood ( Paraserianthes falcataria ) have been used as the main raw material for particleboard production as they are medium-density hardwoods with a natural whitish color [8 e 11]. Other less known or underutilized wood species have also been used for particleboard manufacturing (Table 1). The increased global demand for wood raw materials, growing environmental concerns, and recent legislative reg- ulations related to cascading wood use and prioritizing value- added applications of wood resources have posed critical challenges to the wood-based panel industry in terms of wood supply. Strategies to address these shortages may be vital, particularly in countries with a low forest area. The optimi- zation of available wood and lignocellulosic raw materials, as
well as the search for alternative natural feedstocks derived from abundant and renewable agricultural residues and wood by-products, to replace wood in particleboard manufacturing, is a viable strategy for reducing the negative environmental impact and improving the resource efficiency of the wood- based panel industry. Agricultural waste is a huge pool of untapped biomass resources that can be converted in various ways and may even represent economic and environmental burdens [23,24]. Markedly, the utilization of agricultural biomass in particleboard manufacturing should be economi- cally profitable, and the boards produced should meet the requirements described in the technical standards. The cost of the raw materials used, namely adhesive and wood chips, constitute the majority of the cost of the final particleboard panels (Table 2). The total material cost repre- sents40 e 60% of the total production cost. It was reported that the cost of adhesive amounted to 30 e 50% of the total material cost of the particleboard production, while the remaining
Fig. 3 e Particleboard import volumes (m 3 ) in 2020 e leading countries worldwide [2].
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