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journal of materials research and technology 2022;20:4630 e 4658
Table 3 e Global resources of selected agricultural crops [2] and their application in particleboard production. Raw material Area harvested (000,000 ha) Production quantity (000,000 tonnes) Cropyield (hg/ha) Part used in particleboard production
Source
Agave fibers
0.06 2.16 1.23 5.20
0.04 4.14 1.80
7047
Bagasse
[38] [39] [40] [41] [42] [43] [44] [45] [46] [47] [48] [49] [50] [51] [52] [53] [51] [54] [55] [56] [57] [58] [59] [60] [61] [62] [63] [64] [65] [66] [67] [68] [39] [69]
Almonds, with shell
19,147 14,650 230,294 30,432
Shell Fiber Stem Straw Stalk Shell Cake Stalk
Arecanuts
Bananas
119.83 157.03
Barley
51.60
Buckwheat
1.86 7.10 1.22 2.07
1.81 4.18 2.05
9752 5887
Cashew nuts, with shell
Castor oil seed
16,776 174,576 53,148 301,692 13,637 10,562 32,068
Chilies and peppers, green
36.14 61.52
Coconuts
11.58
Pit and fiber
Dates
1.24 1.88 1.02 0.08 0.01 1.40 3.54
9.45
Palm branches
Eggplants
56.62
Stalk Shell Hurd Shiv Stick Shive
Hazelnuts, with shell
1.07 0.25 0.01 2.69 3.37
Hemp tow waste
Hempseed
5164 4900 5392
Jute
Linseed (flax)
Maize
201.98
1162.35
57,547
Cob
Manila fiber (abaca)
0.17 1.08 0.04 0.03
0.11
6177
Fiber
Pineapples Poppy seed
27.82
258,056
Leaves Husk Stem Straw Straw Straw Stalk Bagasse Bagasse
0.02 0.06
6397
Ramie
19,055 20,390 46,089 33,781 26,103 14,585 706,434 18,020 13,227 18,188 369,798 24,989 34,744
Rapeseed
35.50
72.38
Rice, paddy
164.19
756.74
Rye
4.45
15.02 83.11 58.71
Seed cotton
31.84 40.25 26.47 27.87
Sorghum
Sugar cane
1869.72
Sunflower seed
50.23
Husk
Tea
5.31 3.24 5.05 1.02
7.02 5.89
Leaves Stalk Stalk Shell Straw
Tobacco, unmanufactured
Tomatoes
186.82
Walnuts, with shell
3.32
Wheat
219.01
760.93
subterranean termites. The authors attributed the termite resistance to the presence of nicotine in tobacco stalks, which might act as a potent insecticide for termites. Apart from its chemical and anatomical properties, Klimek et al. [72] demonstrated that the adhesive used and loading level during particleboard production also play a vital role in the perfor- mance of the resultant particleboard. pMDI at 4% and 6% content levels resulted in better mechanical and physical properties than UF resin at 8% and 12% content. Kenaf stalks particleboard [104] had higher MOR than the particleboard made from tobacco or sunflower stalks, kiwi pruning, grape- vine stalks, and tea leaves residues [105]. However, its IB was inferior to tobacco, sunflower stalks, vine stalk, and kiwi pruning boards, mainly due to its less fibrous anatomical structure and bark content [90].
the economy if this sugarcane bagasse were converted into panel products such as particleboard and other fiber com- posites [106,107]. Sugarcane bagasse has been proven to pro- duce particleboard with acceptable physical and mechanical properties, with or without the incorporation of wood parti- cles [108,109]. Particleboard made of sugarcane bagasse is shown in Fig. 10. However, particleboard made from sugar- cane has lower mechanical strength compared to that of its eucalyptus and pine counterparts [110]. Therefore, in some cases, the incorporation of wood particles is necessary to improve the performance of particleboard. A study by Buzo et al. [111] stated that sugarcane bagasse particleboard bonded with castor oil-based polyurethane (PU) resin could attain the best mechanical and physical properties after the incorpora- tion of 60% pine particles. A similar observation was obtained by Yano et al. [112], who reported that the incorporation of 50% industrial timber residue improved the mechanical per- formance of sugarcane bagasse particleboard. Particleboard made from sweet sorghum particles, on the other hand, has low dimensional stability, MOE, and IB prop- erties. However, these drawbacks can be overcome by layering surface treatment, as reported by Iswanto et al. [63]. Using citric acid (CA) and sucrose as a binder, sweet sorghum bagasse particleboard was found to have superior
4.3.
Bagasse-based particleboard
Bagasse, also called megass, is the dry pulpy fibrous material that remains after the extraction of the sugar-bearing juice from sugarcane or sorghum stalks. It is estimated that 250 kg of bagasse could be generated from every ton of sugarcane. The sugarcane bagasse is normally used as fuel for steam generation to supply energy [65]. It could benefit society and
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